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gcse chemistry > sc20, fuels (paper 2) > Flashcards

sc20, fuels (paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a crude oil

A

a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from ancient remains of marine organisms

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2
Q

define hydrocarbon

A

compounds of carbon and hydrogen atoms ONLY

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3
Q

what are the different possible bonds in a hydrocarbon molecule

A
  • carbon __ carbon bonds
  • carbon __ hydrogen bonds
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4
Q

what are the two things hydrocarbon molecules can consist of

A
  • chains (with or without branches)
  • rings of carbon atoms
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5
Q

what is a finite resource

A
  • no longer being made or
  • being made extremely slowly
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6
Q

why are sources from crude oil useful

A
  • hydrocarbons are useful as fuels
  • and as feedstock for the petrochemical industry
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7
Q

define feedstock

A

starting material for an industrial chemical process

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8
Q

define petrochemical industry

A

involves the use and manufacture of substances from crude oil

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9
Q

why can you use fractional distillation to seperate crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures

A

the different hydrocarbons have different boiling points

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10
Q

what is a fraction in terms of crude oil

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points and number of carbon atoms

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11
Q

what happens to the gas fraction in fractional distilaltion for crude oil

A

doesn’t condense and leaves at the top

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12
Q

what happens to the bitumen fraction in fractional distilaltion for crude oil

A

doesn’t evaporate and leaves at the bottom

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13
Q

what happens to the ‘other’ fraction in fractional distilaltion for crude oil

A

they are liquid at room temp and are useful as fuels

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14
Q

true or false: most hydrocarbons are alkanes

A

true

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15
Q

true or false: most hydrocarbons are alkenes

A

false

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16
Q

what happens as the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule increase

A
  • the strength of the intermolecular forces increases
  • more energy must be transfered to overcome these forces
  • the boiling point increases
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17
Q

what is an alkane

A

form a homologous series of hydrocarbons

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18
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a series of compounds:
- in which molecular formulae of neighbouring members differ by CH2
- that show a gradual variation in physical properties
- that have similar chemical properties

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19
Q

what happens when alkanes undergo complete combustion

A

they form carbon dioxide and water vapour

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20
Q

what do alkanes end in

A

ane

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21
Q

why does incomplete combustion happen

A

when the supply of oxygen to a burning fuel is limited

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22
Q

what happens in complete combustion

A
  • hydrogen is oxidised to water vapout
  • carbon is oxidised to carbon dioxide
  • energy is transferred to surroundings by radiation as heat and light
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23
Q

what happens in incomplete combustion

A
  • carbon may be partially oxidised to carbon dioxide, CO
  • carbon may be released at carbon particles or soot
  • less energy is given out
24
Q

in combustion, what depends on how much carbon is produced

A

how much oxygen is available for oxidation

25
Q

why is carbon monoxide bad

A
  • attaches to haemoglobin in red blood cells
  • preventing oxygen from attaching
  • reducing th eoxygen carries around the body by bloodstream
26
Q

what two things makes carbon monoxide hard to detect

A
  • colourless
  • odourless
27
Q

how can we detect gas

A

electronic carbon monoxide detectors

28
Q

why is soot bad

A
  • builds up in chimneys where it may eventually cause fires and blacken buildings
  • tiny soot particles may cause lung diseases such as bronchitis
  • or make existing lung diseases worse
29
Q

what is acid rain

A

rain more acidic than usual

30
Q

how is acidic rain made

A

when sulfur dioxide or oxides of nitrogen dissolves in water in the air

31
Q

how is sulfur dioxide created in the atmosphere

A
  • hydrocarbon fuels contain impurities of sulfur compounds
  • when the fuel burns, the sulfur in these impurities are oxidsed
  • to form sulfur dioxide
32
Q

how are oxides of nitrogen created in the atmosphere

A
  • air goes inside to engine so the fuel can burn
  • nitrogen and oxygen from the air react together at high tempuratures
  • in the engine to produce oxides of nitrogen
33
Q

what can acid rain do to our environment

A
  • speeds up the weathering of buildings and statues
  • damages trees
  • acidifies rivers, lakes, sails - which harms organisms livin gin them
34
Q

how can we reduce problems caused by acid rain

A
  • remover sulfur from fueks before selling
  • ‘flue gas desulfurisation’ - preventing sulfur dioxide leaving power station chimneys
  • adding calcium carbonate/hydroxide to fiels and lakes to neutralise excess acid from acid rain
35
Q

what else, other than petrol or diesel oils, can be used for cars

A

hydrogen

36
Q

list the fossil fuels obtained from crude oil

A
  • petrol
  • deisel oil
  • fuel oil
37
Q

what is petrol used in

A

cars

38
Q

what is diesel oil used in

A

cars and trains

39
Q

what is fuel oil used in

A

large ships and power stations

40
Q

true or false: fossil fuels are non renewable

A

true

41
Q

true or false: fossil fuels are renewable

A

false

42
Q

what is a non renewable resource

A

resources used up faster than they are formes

43
Q

give the symbol equation for the combustion of hydrogen

A

2 H2 + O2 –> 2 H2O

44
Q

how can hydrogen be manufactures

A
  • electrolysis of water
  • cracking of oil fractions
  • reaction of natural gas with steam
45
Q

give the symbol equation for the reaction of natural gas with steam

A

CH4 (g) + 2 H2O (g) –> CO2 (g) + 4 H2 (g)

46
Q

what are the qualities of a good fuel

A
  • burn easily (easy to ignite and stay alight)
  • not produce soot, smoke, or ash
  • release a lot of energy when it burns
  • easy to store and transport safely
47
Q

pros of petrol

A
  • burns easily
  • doesn’t produce ash
  • a liquid (easy to store and transport)
  • releases more enrgy per kg than coal or wood
48
Q

cons of petrol

A
  • produces carbon dioxide, monoxide and water
49
Q

pros of hydrogen as a fuel

A
  • burns easily
  • doesn’t produce ash or smoke
  • only produces water
  • releases 3x more energy than petrol
50
Q

cons of hydrogen as a fuel

A
  • gas (hard to store, at high temps)
  • filling stations have to be adapted
51
Q

what is cracking

A

a process carried out on fractions in oil refineries after fractional distillation

52
Q

what is a summarized version of cracking

A

breaking down larger alkanes into smaller, more useful alkanes (for fuels) and alkenes (for polymers)

53
Q

true or false: paraffin is an alkene

A

false

54
Q

true or false: paraffin is an alkane

A

true

55
Q

descrube how paraffin can be cracked

A
  • the polous pot catalyst is heated strongly
  • liquid paraffin is heated and evaporates
  • paraffin vapour passes over the hot porous pot and the hydrocarbon molecules break down
  • one of the products is thene (gas) and collects in the other tube

gcse chemistry (27 decks)

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