sc real world Flashcards
hoffman, baumeister, forster and vohs 2012
AIM
how effectively do people resist temptations in everyday life?
hoffman, baumeister, forster and vohs 2012
METHOD
experience sampling - german students over 7 days
how often and how strongly are your desires felt
how often do the desires conflict
how often are they acted on or inhibited
define desire
affectively charged cog event assoc with pleasure or the relief of discomfort
interplay between salient conditions in environ and states of person
vary in strength and potential to motivate beh
define conflict
provides a potential reason not to act on a desire
may be problematic (signal discrepancy with higher order goal = control) or unproblematic (enact unless restricted)
define resistance
form of self control
assumed to be dependent on the degree of conflict
hoffman, baumeister, forster and vohs 2012
4 step conceptual model of motivated beh
- conflict/desire strength
- conflict positive influence on 2. resistance - encourages
- desire negative influence on 2. resistance - weakens, and positive influence on 3. enactment - resistance - self control - negative influence on 3. beh enactment
- beh enactment
hoffman, baumeister, forster and vohs 2012
4 step conceptual model of motivated beh
MODERATORS
personality and situational variables may moderate perception of conflict, level of desire strength felt and ability to resist
hoffman, baumeister, forster and vohs 2012
MAIN FINDINGDS
desire strength unrelated to conflict and not predict resistance
conflict predict higher resistance and lower enactment
- resistance direct neg on enactment
no resist - desire enacted 70% time
resist - desire enacted 17% time
2.4x more enact if desire is stronger
desire strength predicted by duration
hoffman, baumeister, forster and vohs 2012
FINDINGS ON DESIRES
main daily desires are integral - food/sleep/leisure
high conflict: eating, media, social contact, leisure
low conflict: non alc, sports, spending, coffee
highest control failure: eating and media use
shoda mischel and peak 1990
sc in later success
preschool delay grat a 6y/o to 10 years later
Q on coping and cog competency and SAT schores
^sc = ^academic, social, verbal fluency, attention, planning, rational, and ^ coping
Casey et al 2012
neural correlated of delay grat
METHOD
40 yeards after DG paradigm
task:
refrain response to cool stimuli or to hot stimuli
- social cues - emotive or neutral
Casey et al 2012
neural correlated of delay grat
BEH RESULTS
DG only in ability to supress response to hot
worse DG at 4y/o = difficult to supress response to happy face in mid40s
Casey et al 2012
neural correlated of delay grat
NEURAL RESULTS
successful response inhibition pos correlate with activity in right inferior frontal gyrus
worse delay grat ability diminished reight inferior frontal gyrus recruitment for correct no go (inhibit) > go (dont inhibit) trials - more difficult to supress response
wose delay grat = increased activity in ventral striatum (subject to individual differences)
Hoffmann et al 2012
why is control important
control acts as a buffer against mental health vulnerabilities
ie BMI, drug addiction, anxieties, divorce
plays a sig role in outocmes with age
moffitt et al 2011
sc child to adult
correlate with later health wealth and crime
low sc:
poorer health, more wealth probs, single and more criminal convictions
tagney et al 2004
self control scale
10 statements to rate in similarity to oneself
ie “i get distracted easily”
tagney et al 2004
self control scale
RESULTS
high score on scale correlate with
higher gpa, better adjustment, less binge/smoke/alc, better interpersonal relationships, more secure attatchments and more stable emotionality
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009
Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes
REFLECTIVE PRECURSORS
serves regulatory goals for higher order operations
ie exec fucntions:
plan and action, judge and eval, inhibition, pursuit and maintenance
slow, controlled, flexible
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009
Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes
IMPULSIVE PRECURSORS
generates impulsivity
assumed to emerge from assoc in memory via perceptual and imagines stimulus input
gradually strengthened assoc via temporal/spatial activation, affect, and beh tendencies
form associative clusters:
external and internal cues = affective and beh outcomes
- prep to respond quickly in accordance with needs and past expectancies
ie choc and hunger = feel good and eat
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009
Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes
situational/dispositional moderators of precursor role on sc outcome
resources
cog capacity-wm
emotion reg
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009
Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes
situational/dispositional moderators
RESOURCES
bau - ego depletion
low control resources selectively impair reflective system
undermine ability to represent restraint standards and monitor beh
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009
Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes
situational/dispositional moderators
COG CAPACITY/WM
high wm = high goal enactment = high shielding
higher wm = more reflective precursor dominance
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009 Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes situational/dispositional moderators COG CAPACITY/WM HOFMAN ET AL 2009 (choc)
choc vs fruit IAT
chose 5 items - either fruit or choc whilst:
1. keep 8 digit string in mind
2. keep 1 digit string in mind
8 digit predicted by IAT - cog load modrate impulsive precursor
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009 Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes situational/dispositional moderators COG CAPACITY/WM HOFMAN ET AL 2009 (men)
hetero men shown erotic slides and art pics and asked questions
DV: view time, IAT of erotic images
reflective eval predict view time for high wm
impulsive att predict view time for low wm
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009
Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes
situational/dispositional moderators
EMOTION REGULATION
negative affect thought to hinder sc
impair exec?
impair affect reg?
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009 Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes situational/dispositional moderators EMOTION REGULATION logue 1993
overweight eat excessively when anxious/depressed
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009 Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes situational/dispositional moderators EMOTION REGULATION greeno and wing 1994
excessive eating due to neg affect have downward spiral effect
distress breaks diet - increase distress
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009 Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes situational/dispositional moderators EMOTION REGULATION escape theory - polivy and herman
failure in sc hyp to be related to a shift in priority towards the immediate present moment
feeling good = distal goal
distress promotes short term focus
immediate escape of neg affect via immediate pleasure
sacrifice LT in the face of ST pleasure to alleviate distress
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009 Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes situational/dispositional moderators EMOTION REGULATION TICE 2011 METHOD
taste test following neg mood induction "mood feexing" exp: told mood unchangeable control : not - only when self reg possible do people seek affective benefit?
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009 Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes situational/dispositional moderators EMOTION REGULATION TICE 2011 FINDINGS
neg affect increase consumption only when mood not frozen
distress undermines delay only when not frozen
procrastinate more in neg moos only when not frozen
(findings for both appetitive pos st (food) and for concrete st ie games)
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009
Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes
situational/dispositional moderators
EMOTION REG: MOTIVATION
impaired self motivation cause approach to impulsive precursors
apathy : cease caring
rebellion : willingly thwart progress
self efficacy: feel incapable of progress to LT
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009
Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes
situational/dispositional moderators
EMOTION REG: PRIORITY SHIFT
self reg strategic: violate other sc when give priority to other means of reg
- ie quest for pleasure to alleviate distress more important than impulse control
distress increases subjective intensity of hedonistic desires
Hofmann, Friese and Strack 2009
Dual systems perspective of self control outcomes
situational/dispositional moderators
EMOTION REG: EVERS 2010
reappraisal: adaptive ER, suppression: maladaptive
- impact strategies to control food intake?
all who suppress eat more (both naturally and induced)
how are temptations determined?
meaning of a stimulus dependent on the goal most highly activated in the moment
ie social, emotional, academic
priorities determine what stimuli interfere with goal
