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SELF CONTROL > delay grat > Flashcards

delay grat Flashcards

1
Q

define self control

carver and sheier 1982

A

process in which people adopt and manage various goals and standards for their thoughts feelings and beh
ensure goals and standards are met
preference towards abstract higher order goals over concrete short term rewards

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2
Q

self reg vs self control

A

self control is a type of self reg but self reg is larger than just self control
ie homeostasis

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3
Q

dual motive conceptualisation of self control

fujita 2011

A

advocate distal>proximal motivations when in competition
only when conflict is recognised
proximal motivation threatens success towards distal goal

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4
Q

most common form of self control in research

A

as effortful inhibition of thoughts feelings or behaviour when activates spontaneously in response to a salient temptation in the environment

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5
Q

support for self control as effortful inhibition

papies stoebe and aarts 2007

A

exposure to words assoc with palatable foods distracts restrained eaters by activation pos hedonic thoughts on food

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6
Q

support for self control as effortful inhibition

impulses and sc failure

A

stronger pos assoc to smoking/drinking, tje more likel one is to smoke/drink in excess

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7
Q

support for self control as effortful inhibition

shiu and fedorkhin 1999/hinson james and whitney 2003

A

chose choc cake>fruit when rehearsing long digit string

- cog load exacerbates temp discounting of reward - more likely to opt for immediate>delayed

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8
Q

why is definition of self control as effortful inhibition problematic

A

overreliance on inhibition symptomatic of control definiciencies - vulnerable to cog load, distraction and depletion (fujita)
rather than a single, fallible strategy - sc should be maintianed as a range of strategies which allow agentic and poactive control and prevent self control failure

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9
Q

alt types of sc strategies

A

reg of availability and opportunity of temptation
unconscious or habitual sc
cognitive reconstrual

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10
Q

reg of availability and opportunity

thaler and shefrin 1981

A

avoid/limit exposure
no direct encounter - no need to effortfully inhibit
ie cgirstmas accounts and early withdrawal prevent impulsive spending

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11
Q

unconscious or habitual sc

fishbach et al 2013

A

automasticity of sc behaviour - activate goal striving in response to tempt cues
- automatically bias to promote goal in the face of temptation or implicit auto neg eval of temptation
ie auto approach/avoidance

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12
Q

relation of implmentation intentions to habitual sc

A

thought that implementation intentions link contextual/situational cues to goal striving means
- implement plan when in correct ocntext

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13
Q

cognitive reconstrual in sc

A

high or low construal
high - abstract, distal, focus on general
low - concrete, immediate, focus on unique

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14
Q

moore mischel and zeiss 1976

cog reconstrul in sc

A

food as pic or pic as food

abstract construal as pic hegihtened delay for reward

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15
Q

factors which may impact control strategies

A

conflict identification
lay theories/beliefs
commitment vs progress frame
deliberative vs implemental mindset

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16
Q

define conflict identification prob in self control

A

implementation of sc strategies requires on recog there be a conflict in the first place
recog a need to beh in best interests of higher order goal

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17
Q

define lay theories/beliefs prob in self control

A

limited vs unlimited theory
perceptions that sc limited, or trainable, or malleable impact how willing to persist, types of strategies that implement

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18
Q

define commitment vs progress frame prob in self control

A

progress permits failure as lenient to temptation

commitment permits consistency

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19
Q

deliberative vs implemental mindset prob of sc

A

deliberative plan, weigh pros and cons of diff goals

implemental carry out goal decisions/actions

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20
Q

eval of temptations

A

temptations are subjective

based on individual perceptions and experiences

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21
Q

define control motivation

A

motivation to avoid temptations, or at least for them to be infrequent

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22
Q

define capacity effort

A

effort to be exerted to maintain motivation, perform sc strategies and elicit successful sc

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23
Q

self control diagram - describe

A

recognise temptation, with goal brought to attention - recognise conflict
initiate control motivation - lead to control strategies and thus, self control behaviours
control motivation, strategies and behaviours are mediated by capacity effort/willpower

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24
Q

define the delay of grat paradigm

metcalfe and mischel 1999

A

one element within sc research to investigate
tests ability to avoid short term temptations in the prospect of longer term outcomes/rewards/goals
parses out individual diff in self reg capavilities

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25
Q

describe typical marshmallow test

mischel et al 1989

A 
different ages of children
place marshmallow in front
ring bell if want to stop and eat
otherwise wait for experimenter
- if wait, get x2 marshmallows 
- see how long will wait for
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26
Q

basic findings from marshmallow test

A

ability to wait dependent on age - 2y/o much more difficult
preference for the delayed reward decreases with time (ainslie)
preference for delayed reward increases when reward value increases and when closer to reciept

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27
Q

describe ainslie rachlin model(1975)

A

value of reward changes as a function of the time remaining until reward reciept
longer delay = less value
temporal discounting
increases as reward approaches

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28
Q

shoda, mischel and peake 1990

delay grat and cog/social outcomes

A

ability to delay grat from a oung age is predictive of cog/social outcomes decades later
- wait longer = higher sat scores

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29
Q

hot and cold system of delayed gratification

A

metcalfe and mischel 1999

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30
Q

define the hot and cool system

A

dual systems account of self control
framework to understand processes that enable and undermine self control
hot and cold systems extend to the ppoint that an action is planned but seperate from response budder that initiates/determines behaviour

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31
Q

basic dual systems perspective

A

have one fast reflective system that aims towards immediacy, and one slower reflective system that processes and regulates behaviour

  1. automatic - fast, unconscious, reflecive, effortless
  2. reflective- slow, conscious, reflective, self regulator and effortful
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32
Q

development of dual systems

zajonc 1980

A

affect and cog believed to be controlled by two seperate systems

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33
Q

development of dual systems

schacter and singer 1962

A

arousal is a diffuse state

emotion precedes any immediate knowledge of it

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34
Q

define hot system

A

“go” system
emotional, fast, early in development
attenuated by stress
bottom up/stimuli controlled

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35
Q

define cold system

A

“know” system
cognitive, complex and reflective
slow and initiates self control

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36
Q

describe hot cognitions/hot spots

metcalfe and jacobs 1998

A

areas assoc with the limbic system and amygdala
emotional, reactive and not interconnected
undermines self control
fundamental for pavlovian conditioning
quick stimuli-response
concrete/emotional

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37
Q

describe cold cognitions/cold nodes

metcalfe and jacobs 1998

A

areas assoc with hipp and frontal/cortical integration
relate to complex thought and temp lag
specialised for complex spatiotempotal and episodic representaiton and thought - comprehension, semantics, wm, metacog and planning

elaborately connected - not immediate approach/avoid but reflective deliberation

abstract

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38
Q

what may influence the balance between the hot and cool system on determining behaviour

A

stess
developmental level
individual self reg dynamics/ability

39
Q

how are the hot spots and cool nodes theorised to interact

A

both systems can hold at the same time any one stimulus rep

BUT
hot spots have corresponding cool nodes - when one active, so is the other
cool nodes have less corresponding hot spots
therefore not all stimuli will be represented as emotional
- cool node likely to mediate initially hot event
- insufficient cool node activation may spread to hot and motivate approach to temptation

40
Q

how are hot spot and cool node interactions thought to play a role in development and sc outcome

A

ounger in development more hot spots than cool nodes
and less corresponding cool nodes to any one hot spot
therefore more impulsive- driven towards temptation

more cool nodes develop as get older = improved sc - link to maturity of hipp and cortical/frontal areas

41
Q

pros to cold node integration onto hot spots

A

allow to mediate initially hot event

make goals salient, stay in pustuit of LT and overcome impulses

42
Q

learning in the dual system model

A

nodes learn to the extent they are activated above some baseline level (biological) - some may be more or less chronically activated than others
degree of learning depend on bio predisposition, experiences, stress and maturity

43
Q

priming in the dual system

A

temporary activation of hot or cool increases activity towards threshold
makes more likely that will influence behavioural action
+ increases likelihood of assoc activation (ie if lots of cool to an activated hot - more likely to control)

44
Q

mischel and baker 1975

hot/cool representations and delay of gratification determination

A

ability to delay grat dependent on undelying cog representations
hot/cool reflect attention to motivational/concrete aspects, or abstract/cognitive aspects (cool)

45
Q

define frustration tolerance

mischel and baker 1975

A

ability to supress goal object by cog avoiding/supressing attention to the reward until a goal is attained

46
Q

mischel and baker 1975
study - means of frustration tolerance
method

A

marshmallows/pretzels

  1. consume relevant
    - thing of hot aspects of tempt
  2. consume irrelevant
    - think of hot of diff food
  3. transform relevant
    - think cold aspects of tempt
  4. transform irrelevant
    - think of cold aspects of diff food
47
Q

mischel and baker 1975
study - means of frustration tolerance
results

A 
high delay:
consume irrelevant (distract with hot)
transform relevant (cold of tempt) 
low delay: 
consume relevant
transoform irrelevant (hot too distract)

cog cool facilitate delay - enocurage distraction/attention away from hot of temptation

48
Q

mischel and moore 1973

real vs non real

A

rewards as pics on slide “symolic”
delay sig increase
- more delay than comparable non-tempt distractor slides

49
Q

mischel and moore 1973
real vs non real
explanation

A

imagery may act as a cue/reminder but because it is not ‘real’ and cannot be immediately attained it does nto increase hot/frustration
actual reward increases frustration because try to block hot but often fails

50
Q

metcalfe and jacobs 1998

stress of delay grat

A

hot potentiate stress up to higher levels than cool
cool becomes increasingly dysfunctional - shift towards hot
(yerkes dodson)

51
Q

advantages of stress on hot/cool system

A

low stress - facilitates complex thinking, planning and memory
high stress - facilitates quick, innate responses and allows immediate action where necessary

52
Q

sapolsky 1996

problem with chronic stress on hot/cool system

A

if chronic:
correlate with decrease in hipp volume (episodic memory)
may encourage a permanent shift towards hot > cool

53
Q

define baumeister and heatherton 1996

strength model - stress

A

stress increases emotion + irritation
limited cog strength - depleted resources
ie under cog load
lead to diminished control capacity

54
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system

A

internal/external hot spot dimunition
selective internal/external distraction
cognitive reframing of stimulus

55
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system

internal/external hot spot dimunition

A

internal - ignore stimulus presence/distract

external - obscure from view

56
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system

selective internal/external distraction

A

activate non-relevant hot/cool representations of external stimuli or internal activation of irrelevant hot nodes to divert cog affect energy

57
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system

cognitive reframing of stimulus

A

external stimulus represented abstractly

58
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system
external hot spot dimunition
mischel and ebbsen 1970

A

external obscure of tempt

75% wait 15+ mins more

59
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system
internal hot spot dimunition
rodrigues, mischel and shoda 1989

A

ignoring/diverting attention
6-12y/os attention to reward vs non reward related stimuli
attention to non relevant sig predict delay time

60
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system
internal/external hot spot dimunition
problem

A

requires the individual not think about, encounter or seek out the temptation which may be somewhat difficult to control

61
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system
selective external distraction
mischel and baker 1975

A

consume irrelevant

62
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system
selective external distraction
mischel 1972

A

slinky increase wait time by 15+ mins than those without a distractor

  • MUST BE HOT DISTRACTOR (consume irrelevant)
  • MUST BE IRRELEVANT (NOT SAME CAT)
63
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system
selective external distraction
mischel 1972 - value of distractor

A

only holds instrumental value when it acts to bridge the delay towards reciept of the tempting reward

64
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system
selective internal/external distraction
problem

A

may disinhibit if accidently think/look at the appetitive aspects of the reward
internal distraction dependen t on hot not being activated - susceptible to self sabotage

65
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system
selective internal distraction
mischel 1972

A

think of fun things to do while wait
ie singing
12+mins delay without physcial distractor

66
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system
cognitive reframing of stimulus
mischel and moore 1973

A

image increase delay by 9+mins than when real

67
Q

strategies that facilitate the cool system
cognitive reframing of stimulus
moore, mischel and zeiss 1976

A

real/pic cog refram
pic as real or real as pic
frame = 18+ mins delay, even though is real
- dependent on mental depiction

68
Q

metacognitive awareness of control strategies

A

knowledge about nature and value of self control strategies emerges systematically
become increasingly aware of the principles needed to maintain delay in pusuit of ones goal

69
Q

mischel and mischel 1983
metacog awareness of sc strategies
1. covered or not?

A

3+8y/o
“do you want the reward exposed or covered?”
under 4 - no preference
4-5 - exposed (stubborn)
5+ - covered - explain as exposure increasing levels of frustration

70
Q

mischel and mischel 1983
metacog awareness of sc strategies
2. hot or cool?

A

under 5 = no preference
5+ prefer cool>hot
- realise that focus on desirabiit makes harder to control

71
Q

construal level account of self control

A

fujita 2006

72
Q

define construal level account of sc

A

integrate bau and mischel
sc broadly conceptualised as making decisions and acting inaccordance with high>low level construals
the same event/stimuli may be represented in multiple ways
high and low independent of one another, and same event/object can elicit diff action tendencies

73
Q

construal level

high level:

A

abstract
essential and core features via subjective mental representation
general features central to basic, overarching meaning
categorisation into fewer, broader units

74
Q

contrual level

low level:

A

incedental features which makes the event/stimulus unique and concrete
categorisation into multiple, narrow units - add weight to secondary characteristics

75
Q

determinants of construal level

A

amount of “psychological distoring” of event/stimuli
ie in terms of:
time
space
social distance
hypertheticality/abstraction
- greater distance = more high level construal
+ on the situation and individual diff (goals/values etc)

76
Q

smith and branscombe 1987

construal priming

A

imagining an unrelated and distant future event enhances ones abstraction of thoughts
whilst imagining near-future events enhances more concrete and detailed processing

77
Q

self control and construal

A

high construal = high control

vise versa

78
Q

fujita et al 2006
study
method

A

iv:
1. HC: WHY pursue actions towards superordinate goal
2. LC: HOW ^ (i.e. actions to physical health maintenance)
DV: $ pay to recieve 4 items immediately or delayed in time

79
Q

fujita et al 2006
study
RESULTS

A

LV prefer immediate > dela + pay more
high level = higher sc and less money
+ greater physical endurance on hand grip (domain general)

80
Q

fishbach and shein 2014

problem with self control literature

A

bias
focus on conscious explicit processess
does not take into account that some self control processes may be automatic

81
Q

counteractive control theory authors

A

fishbach zhang and trope 2010

82
Q

define counteractive control theory

A

threat perception illicits explicit AND implicit processes so as to offset the influence of temptation
implicit dont require deliberation/will

83
Q

counteractive control theory
fishbach and shah 2006
METHOD

A

goal and temptation stimuli presented on screen
(assignment and facebook)
RT to push/pull on joy stick

84
Q

counteractive control theory
fishbach and shah 2006
RESULTS

A

individuals offset the influence of tempting activities by automatically avoiding these stimuli
- faster pushing responses
and by approaching stimuli related to an overarching goal
-faster pulling responses
self-control dispositions varied as a function of the magnitude of the self-control conflict, itself defined by how strongly individuals were attracted to temptations and held the longer term goal

85
Q

counteractive control theory

fishbach et al 2003

A

if prime with temptation stimuli - auto activate goal stimuli
(ie donut = slim)
if prime with goal stimuli, auto inhibit info about temptation

86
Q

counteractive control theory

how might implicit processes in sc work

A

may relfect memory traces from previous explicit self controls
- previous goal elaboration and therefore increases goal accessability

87
Q

counteractive control theory

fishbach et al 2010

A

actual temptation activates auto neg attitudes towards it and auto positive attitudes towards goal related info

88
Q

manner et al counteractive control theory2009

A

when partner made salient - men auto attend away from images of other womrn

89
Q

counteractive control theory
forster liberman and higgins 2005
PROBLEM

A

asymmetric shifts only occur when in conflict and not once the conflict has been resolved
ie once the goal is complete, then dont identify conflict and dont auto inhibit temptation

90
Q

counteractive control theory
fergson and bargh 2004
PROBLEM

A

only when high priority that auto?

ie eval of water is only more positive when thirsty

91
Q

counteractive control theory
fishbach zhang and trope 2010
forster et al reinforce prob

A

implicit eval of academic/leisure onl show asymmetric shift in relation to salient current academic goals and not those previously completed
ie high school

92
Q

counteractive control theory
aronson 1997
small motivation discrepancy

A

post-choice dissonance reduction
foregoing tempt percieved as a costly consequence of goal aherence generates cognitive dissonance (Aversive)
justify action already taken by decreasing value of temptation and increasing value of goal POST action

93
Q

importance of implicit self control strategies on dual systems

A

dual systems apporaches assume automatic reactions are towards temptation and need slower processes to coutneract
BUT implicit can also facilitate goal adherence - depends on the direction of the attitude/motivation

SELF CONTROL (7 decks)

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