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Private Pilot > SC F. Performance and Limitations > Flashcards

SC F. Performance and Limitations Flashcards

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Charter Pilot (Part 135) - Oral flashcards
1
Q
  1. How do you calculate Pressure Altitude?
A

PA = (29.92-current alt.) * 1000 + Field Elevation

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2
Q
  1. How do you calculate Density Altitude?
A

DA = (current temp. - 15C) * 120 + PA

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3
Q
  1. What is pressure altitude?
A

Height above the standard datum plane. Indicated altitude when altimeter is set to 29.92

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4
Q
  1. What is density altitude?
A

Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature

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5
Q
  1. How does a high density altitude effect performance?
A

a. Air density is reduced, which adversely impacts aircraft performance. Less dense air for lift, engine, and prop. High altitude, hot humid days are worst.
b. Increased t/o distance
c. Reduced rate of climb
d. Increased true airspeed
e. Increased landing roll distance

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6
Q
  1. What is Vso?
A

POH 2.5
Stalling speed landing configuration. Bottom white arch (45 kts PA-28)

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7
Q
  1. What is Vs1
A

POH 2.5
Stalling speed clean. Bottom green arch (50 kts PA-28)

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8
Q
  1. What is Vx?
A

POH 4.3
Best angle of climb, distance (64 kts PA-28)

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9
Q
  1. What is Vy?
A

POH 4.3
Best rate of climb, time (76 kts PA-28)

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10
Q
  1. What is Vfe?
A

POH 2.5
Max flap extended speed. Top white arch (102 kts PA-28)

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11
Q
  1. What is Vno?
A

POH 2.5
Max structural cruising speed. Top of green arch bottom of yellow arch (125 kts PA-28)

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12
Q
  1. What is Vne?
A

POH 2.5
Never exceed speed. Red line (154 kts PA-28)

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13
Q
  1. What is Vr?
A

POH 4.5i
Rotation speed (60 kts normal, 55 kts short field PA-28)

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14
Q
  1. When would you use Vx? Vs. Vy?
A

a. Vx = greatest climb in shortest distance
b. Vy = greatest climb in shortest time

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15
Q
  1. What is Va, and why is it important to calculate it prior to every flight?
A

Va is the maneuvering speed. It is important to calculate because it changes with the weight of the aircraft.

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16
Q
  1. What is a Vg diagram?
A

A chart that relates velocity to load factor

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17
Q
  1. What is the maximum Va?
A

POH 2.3
113 kts PA-28

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18
Q
  1. What is the formula for calculating Va?
A

Va = SQroot (landing weight/max landing weight) * max Va

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19
Q
  1. Why is Va important?
A

Flying at or below VA, means that the airplane will stall before the structure
is damaged by excessive loads

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20
Q
  1. What would happen if we conducted maneuvers above Va?
A

Maneuvering above Va can cause structural damage

21
Q
  1. What is Vg, and what does it give you?
A

Vg is the best glide speed, the speed and configuration that will get you
the most distance forward for each increment of
altitude lost

22
Q
  1. What is maximum crosswind?
A

The highest crosswind landing demonstrated by the manufacture

23
Q
  1. Is maximum crosswind a limitation?
A

No, it is just the highest crosswind the manufacture landed in

24
Q
  1. What is load factor?
A

a. load supported by the wings divided by total weight of the airplane
b. Ratio of a given load to the pull of gravity

25
Q
  1. What are the load factor limitations of the PA-28?
A

POH 2.19
Normal: -1.5G - 3.8G

26
Q
  1. What is the maximum crosswind for the PA-28?
A

POH 4.3
17 kts

27
Q
  1. Where do you get the arms to calculate W&B?
A

In the POH, section 6

28
Q
  1. Can you use any W&B or is it aircraft specific? Where can you find this information?
A

No the W&B is different for each aircraft as determined by the manufacture

29
Q
  1. What are the characteristics of a forward CG?
A
  • higher stall speed
  • slower cruise speed
  • more stable
  • greater back elevator pressure required
30
Q
  1. What are the characteristics of an aft CG?
A
  • lower stall speed
  • higher cruise speed
  • less stable
31
Q
  1. What is the weight of 1 gal. of fuel?
A

6 pounds

32
Q
  1. What are the four forces of flight?
A
  • Lift
  • Gravity/Weight
  • Thrust
  • Drag
33
Q
  1. How is lift created?
A
  • Bernoulli’s principle
  • Newtons 3rd law
34
Q
  1. What is Bernoulli’s principle?
A

Pressure of a fluid (air) decreases where the speed of the fluid increases

35
Q
  1. Why does velocity increase above the wing?
A

Because of the design of airfoil/wing. Air travels faster on top & has a further distance to travel. Creates low pressure on top of the wing compared to under the wing. Creating lift

36
Q
  1. What is Newton’s 3rd law?
A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

37
Q
  1. What is the angle of incidence?
A

Angle formed by the longitudinal axis of the airplane and the chord of the wing. Angle at which wing is attached to fuselage. Can not be changed by pilot

38
Q
  1. What is the angle of attack?
A

Angle between the wing chord line and the direction of the relative wind. CAN be changed by the pilot

39
Q
  1. What is drag?
A
  • Rearward force that opposes thrust
  • Acts rearward and parallel to the relative wind
40
Q
  1. What are the types of drag?
A
  • Parasite
  • Induced
41
Q
  1. What are the 3 types of parasite drag?
A
  • Form drag - generated by the aircraft due to its shape & design
  • Interference drag - comes from the intersection of airstreams that restricts smooth airflow. Worst when two surfaces meet at perpendicular angles.
  • Skin friction - Resistance due to air moving over the surface of aircraft
42
Q
  1. What is induced drag, and why does it exist?
A
  • Byproduct of lift
  • Always present when airfoil is producing lift
43
Q
  1. What happens to CG as we burn fuel?
A

Moves forward

44
Q
  1. When will the wing always stall?
A

When exceeding the critical angle of attack

45
Q
  1. What are the left turning tendencies?
A
  • Torque
  • P-Factor
  • Gyroscopic procession
  • Spiraling Slipstream
46
Q
  1. Explain torque left turning tendency
A

Newtons 3rd law. Higher throttle of clockwise prop, will want to turn the crankshaft/plane counter-clockwise

47
Q
  1. Explain P-Factor left turning tendency
A

Descending blade takes a bigger bite of air than ascending. Happens when flying at higher angle of attack (climb, slow flight)

48
Q
  1. Is there P-Factor in S&L flight? Why?
A

No. Downward sweeping blade at much higher AOA when nose is higher

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