SBO PRAC Flashcards
Lab manual must know - SBO oral
Introduce the ureters and mention the structures it crosses to reach the bladder
The ureters are located between the abdominal cavity and the pelvis. They ureters exit the kidneys and travel caudad to enter the bladder. They transport urine.
Renal Pelvis
Ureters
- Passing down psoas
- Crossing genitofemoral N.
- crossing gonad vessels
- Leaving psoas at the bifurcation of common Illiac A.
- Passing over sacroiliac joint
- ***males** cross vas deferens before piercing posterolateral angle of blader
Introduce and label the male genitalia
The male genitalia is located in the pelvic cavity. It is composed of the prostate, penis and testes. Its main function is for male reproduction even though urine is also expelled by the male urethra.
- Anal canal
- Preprostatic urethra
- prostatic urethra
- intermediate urethra
- spongy urethra
- scrotum
- testes
- epididymides
- vas deferens
- Seminal vesicles
- ejaculatory ducts
- prostate
- bulbourethral glands
Penis
- root
- body
- glans
- corona
- crura (corpora cavernosa)
- corpus spongiosum
What is the nerve supply to the right side of the colon
Sympathetic - splanchnic N.
Parasympathetic - Vagus N.
Introduce and label this slide
The liver
is located in the abdominal cavity in the Left upper quadrant under the rib cage. The liver function is to filtrate blood coming from the digestive tract, detoxify chemicals, metabolize drugs, secrete bile. the liver is divided into the diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces, and its made out four lobes.
Slide - Hepatic lobule
The liver is made out of lobules which are The functional unit of the liver. The structure is hexagonal in shape made out of
- P= portal tract
- F= fibrous septum (mostly clear in pigs)
- V= terminal hepatic venule (central vein)
Lobule can also be divided into ancinus which is a functional unit. Kernel shaped with portal tracts as the centre and the V at the sides. divided into 3 zones (1 being closest to P with more O2)
Function:
- carry blood away from portal tract to vein via sinusoids
- carry bile from central area into portal via canulas
Introduce and label this slide
Lymph node
Widely distributed secondary lymphoid organs, clustered along lymphatic vessels. Structure: fibrous structure divided by trabeculae and stroma of reticular connective tissue. Function House lymphocytes and macrophages, Site of immune system activation, Filtering of lymph.
Cross-section of lymph node
- C=capsule
- T=trabeculae: extension from the capsule
- SF = Secondary follicles: active with germial centre
- PF=primary follicle: inactive
- S=subscapular sinuses: afferent lymphatic vessels
- MC= medullary cords: extensions of the cortex
- MS= medullary sinuses: drain efferent lymph into blood
- M=medulla
- H=hillum
- P=paracortex: T lymphocites interact with antigens
- Cx= cortex
label the oesophagus
Cervical oesophagus
Thoracic oesophagus
Abdominal oesophagus
Upper oesophageal sphincter (pharyngoesophageal sphincter)
Oesophageal constriction where the oesophagus is crossed by the arch of the aorta
Oesophageal constriction where the oesophagus is crossed by the left main bronchus
Lower oesophageal sphincter (where the oesophagus passes through the diaphragm)
Label the IMA supply to the colon
- Abdominal Aorta
- IMA
- Left colic artery = Splenic flexure + descending colon
- Sigmoidal arteries = sigmoid colon
- superior rectal artery = superior aspect of rectum
What are the relations of the bladder
Superior: Sigmoid colon + ilium
Inferior/posterior:
- Male: Base is separated by rectum by seminal vesicles and vas deferens
- Female: rectum is separated by vagina
Apex: separate from pubic bone by retropubic space
Identify 4 bloood vessels related to the oesophagus
Inferior thyroid arteries (thyrocervical trunk)
Ventral paired branches from the thoracic aorta
Left gastric artery (celiac trunk)
Left inferior phrenic artery
label the superior aspect of the liver
- Ligamentum venosum
- Coronary ligament
- bare area
- Right / left Hepatic vein
- Groove for IVC
- Triangular ligament
- Portal vein
- Proper hepatic artery
- bile duct
- gall bladder
- quadrate lobe
- Triangular ligament
Label the Diaphragmatic surface of the liver
- Right lobe
- left lobe
- Falciform ligament
- Round ligament
- Triangular ligament
- Coronary ligament
- Bare area
Label this model of the celiac trunk
Abdominal Aorta
-
Celiac trunk
- Left gastric Artery - lesser curvature stomach
- Splenic Artery
- Lt gastro-omental A. - greater omentum
- Short gastric Arteries - fondus + cardia stomach
- Common Hepatic Artery
- Proper Hepatic Artery
- Rt/ Lt hepatic - liver
- Right Gastric Artery - greater curvature stomach
- Gastroduodenal Artery
- Rt gastro-omental A. - greater omentum
- Supraduodenal - D1
- Anterior superior Pancreaticoduodenal
- Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal
- Proper Hepatic Artery
What is the nerve supply to the liver?
- Sympathetic supply T5-T9 celiac plexus
- Parasympathetic CNX
Introduce and label the kidneys
The kidneys are located on the left and right upper quadrants of the abdomen towards the posterior aspect of the body, above the vertebral level L2/3. There are two bean-shaped kidneys. Their function is to Produce Urine, Erythropoietin, Renin: (blood pressure regulation), Vitamin D: converts inactive form (cholecalciferol) to an active form (calcitriol), Gluconeogenesis.
- Superior/ inferior poles
- Medial - lateral borders
- Hilum (renal vein, artery + pelvis)
- Renal Capsule
- Perinephric fat (fat glands between minor calices)
- Cortex
- Medulla
- Renal column
- Renal pyramid
- renal papillae
- Ureters
- Major Calix
- Minor Calix
Introduce the liver
The liver is located in the right upper quadrant and part of the left of the body underneath the rib cage. It is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.
The liver has two surfaces the Diaphramatic and visceral and 4 lobes, Rt, Lt, caudate, quadrate.
The liver has 500 + functions but the main ones are:
- Synthesis (plasma protein, bile, hormones, haemopoesis)
- Detoxification
- Metabolism & storage (fats, carbs, amino acids, minerals)
- Excretion of bilirubin
- Immune function
Introduce and label the bladder
The bladder is located in the pelvic cavity in front of the rectum/vagina and Depending on the contents it may reach the umbilicus. The bladder is a strong hollow organ with muscular walls, which serves as a temporary reserve for urine.
- Inferior / posterior surface base
- inferior lateral surfaces X 2
- Superior surface
- apex
- Body
- Fundus
- Neck
- Uvula
- Internal urethral orifice
- External urethral orifice
- ureters orifice
- Trigone - internal base of the bladder
Introduce and label the spleen
The spleen is located in the left hypochondriac region, in the posterolateral aspect of the fo the abdominal cavity, under the diaphragm and ribs 9 to 11. Its main functions are Immunity, Blood filter, Reservoir: (blood, platelets, monocytes), Recycles by-products of RBC. The spleen has a shaped like a closed fist, it has 2 surfaces, diaphragmatic (left dome) and visceral. It has 3 borders Superior, inferior, anterior.
4 impressions,
- Left kidney,
- Stomach
- splenic flexure
- pancreas.
Other
- Hilum
- Gastrosplenic lig.
- Splenorenal lig.
- splenic artery
- Splenic vein
Label this model of IMS
- Inferior mesenteric artery
- Left colic artery
- Ascending colic artery - transverse colon + splenic flexure
- Descending colic artery - descending colon
- Sigmoid arteries - sigmoid colon
- Superior rectal arteries - superior rectum
- Left colic artery
Name the relations of the spleen to the abdominal cavity
Anteriorly: Stomach - via gastrosplenic lig.
Posteriorly: Diaphragm - separate spleen from lung and left R9-11
Inferiorly: Left colic flexure -
Medially: Tail of pancreas & Left kidney - via splenorenal ligament
Introduce Internal Oblique
Origin
Insertion
Neurove supply
Action
The internal oblique is the intermediate layer of the flat muscles of the anterolateral aspect of the abdomen. Fibres run Horizontally at level of ASIS, Obliquely upwardsuperior to the ASIS, Obliquely downward inferior to the ASIS. together the flat muscles compress and support the abdominal viscera.
Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia, ant 2/3 illiac crest, lat. 1/2 inguinal ligament
Insertion: Inf. borders R10-R12, linea Alba, pectineal line via conjoint tendon
Nerve supply: Thoracoabdominal N. + first lumbar N.
Action: Flexion + Rotation trunk, support abdominal viscera
Introduce Rectus abdominis
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Action
Rectus abdominis is the primary vertical muscle of the abdomen. It is anchored transversely to the anterior layer of the rectus sheath at the tendinous intersection. Together with the flat abdominal muscles, it compresses and supports the abdominal viscera.
Origin: Pubic symphysis and pubic crest
Insertion: Xiphoid process + costal cartilage 5-7
Nerve supply: Thoracoabdominal N.
Action: Flex the trunk and support abdominal viscera.
Introduce and label the thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior aspect of the neck, wrapped around the trachea above ring 2/3. It has to lateral lobes and the isthmus. Its function is to regulate the metabolism and growth.
Vascular supply
- Thyroid veins (superior, middle, inferior)
- Thyroid arteries (superior, inferior)
Name the structures around D1
Location
- Vertebral level L1
- Cap and mesentery
- Hepatoduodenal ligament
- Greater omentum (inferiorly)
Anteriorly
- Peritoneum
- gall bladder
- Liver
Posteriorly
- Bile duct
- gastroduodenal Artery
- Hepatic Portal Vein
- IVC
Superiorly - Neck of gall bladder
Inferiorly - Neck of pancreas
Medially - Pylorus
Introduce and label the gall bladder
The Gallbladder is located in the right upper quadrant in the abdominal cavity, in the gallbladder fossa of the visceral surface of the liver. It is shaped as pear shape sac. Its main function is the storage and concentration of bile.
- Fundus
- Body
- Neck
- Cystic duct
not in the picture - Cystic Artery
What is the histological layers of the prostate
Tubuloalveolar glands - produce 305-50% seminal fluid
- Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
Supporting stroma
- Fibrous connective tissue
- Smoth muscle fible
- Prostatic interstitial cell
What is the arterial supply pathway to the pancreas?
Head
celiac trunk
common hepatic
gastroduodenal
**posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal
**anterior superior pancreaticoduocenal
Body + Tail
celiac trunk
splenic artery
branches of splenic artery
Name the structures surrounding D4
Ascending part
Location
- L3 vertebral level
- Duodenojejunal flexure
Posteriorly
- Left psoas
- left margin of aorta
Medially
- Hea of pancreas
- SMA
- SMV
Superiorly - body of pancreas
Inferiorly - small intestine (jejunum)
Talk about the structures surrounding the pancreas
Head:
- IVC
- Right renal artery
- right left renal vein
Neck
- superior messenteric vessels
- pylorus of stomach
Body
- Aorta
- SMA
- left suprarenal gland
- left kidney and vessels
- L2
Tail
- left kidney
- hilum of spleen
- left colic flexure
- between splenorenal ligament
Label the SMA supply to the colon
- Abdominal Aorta
-
SMA
- Middle colic artery = Transverse colon + Hepatic flexure
- Right colic artery = ascending colon
- Ileocolic artery
- posterior cecal arteries = ceacum
- anterior cecal arteries = ceacum
- Apendicular artery = appendix
Introduce and label this slide
Prostate
The prostate is part of the male reproductive system. It is located in the pelvic cavity inferior to the bladder around the prostatic urethra. It is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system and produces seminal fluid. It is shaped like a walnut and made out of tubuloalveolar glands. Has 3 Zones Peripheral, transitional, centra.
This is the cross-section of the prostate
- Sp= Fibrous septa
- Cap= capsule
- PZ= peripheral zone: the bulk of gland
- St= fibrous stroma: no glandular tissue
- U= urethra
- C= urethral crest
- ED=ejaculatory ducts
- Tz= Transitional zone: surround prostatic urethra
- Cz= Central zone: base of prostate
What are the gastric gland cells produced in the stomach that aid digestion?
Mucous neck cells
Parietal cells
- Secrete HCl: acidity of gastric juice
- produce intrinsic factor: absorption Vitamin B12 @ terminal ileum
Chief cells
- Produce pepsinogen & gastric lipase
- Low pH required for conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin
Enteroendocrine cells
- Secrete hormones & chemical mediators
- Gastrin (from G cells) (control secretory activity)
- Histamine (secretion),
- serotonin (contractility)
Introduce these slides
Stomach
The stomach is located in the abdominal cavity in the epigastric and left hypocondriac region. It sits between the oesophagus and the D1 portion of the duodenum. Its main functions are to secret acid, digest food,
Structure
- L= Longitudinal layer (muscle)
- C=circular layer (muscle)
- O= oblique layer (muscle)
- SM=sub mucosa
- MM= muscularis mucosa
- M=mucosa
- GM = Lamina propia
- SE= surface epithelium
- GP= gastric pit
- Serosa
What are the peritoneal relations to the Kidneys?
The kidneys are retroperitoneal
Superiorly - Diaphragm
Posteriorly
- Lower ribs
- QL
- Psoas
- costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura
- Iliohypogastric nerve
- Illiohypoinguinal nerve
Anteriorly:
- Rt: liver duodenum Ascending colon
- Lt: stomach, spleen, pancreas, jejunum, descending colon
Introduce Transverse abdominal
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Action
This is the innermost layer of the anterolateral flat muscles of the abdomen. Superior Fibres run transversomedially and inferior run parallel to Int. oblique. together the flat muscles compress and support the abdominal viscera.
Origin: Inf. Surf. Costal Cartillage 7-12, Throacolumbar Fascia, Illiac crest, Lat. 1/3 inguinal ligament.
Insertion: Linea alba, aponeurosis int. oblique, pubic crest, pectineal line via conjoint tendon.
Nerve supply: First Lumbar N. + thoracoabdominal N.
Action: compresion and support abdominal viscera.
introduce and label the histology slide
Pancreas
The Pancreas is located in the abdominal cavity in the epigastric and left the hypochondriac region. It is retroperitoneal and sits posterior to the stomach in a transverse direction with the head connected to D2 and the tail resting on the spleen. It has an elongated tadpole shape and is approx 15cm long. It functions is to act as an exocrine and endocrine gland.
pancreatic islets
Endocrine cells - A cluster of hormone producing cells.
- Alpha cells produce glucagon, - Increase blood sugar
- Beta cells produce insulin - lower blood sugar
Strucutre
- I= Islets of langerhans: mde out of Ancinar cell (endocrine cell)
- Intercalated duct (middle of ancini)
- D=Interlobular duct: Recibe via septa the hormones produced.
- F= Mucosa Fold
- AC= Adiposite (white holes) - atrophy of cells (more in old people)
- S= Septa between lobules
Horomones
Label the diagram of the male urethra
- Preprostatic urethra (Urethral internal orifice)
- Prostatic urethra (in protate)
- Intermediate urethra (membranus part
- Bulbourethral glands
- spongy urethra (penile)
- Urethral external orificie
Identify the structures between the adrenal glands Rt to left
IVC
Rt crus of the diaphragm
Celiac ganglion and trunk
SMA
Lt crus of the diaphragm
Introduce External Oblique
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Action
External Oblique is the outermost muscle of the flat muscles found at the anterolateral aspect of the abdomen. Fibres run inferomedially. together the flat muscles compress and support the abdominal viscera.
Origin: Ext. Surfaces R5 -R12
Insertion: Linea Alba, Pubic tubercle, Ant 1/2 iliac crest
Action: Flexion, rotation of trunk + compression abdominal VIscera
Nerve supply: Thoracoabdominal N. (ventral rami inf 6 Tx N.) + Subcostal N.
Label the stomach
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric region (antrum, canal, sphincter)
Greater curvature of the stomach
Lesser curvature of the stomach
Angular notch
Cardiac notch
Introduce this histology slide
Gallbladder
The Gallbladder is located in the right upper quadrant in the abdominal cavity, in the gallbladder fossa of the visceral surface of the liver. It is shaped as pear shape sac. Its main function is the storage and concentration of bile.
Slide corresponds to a cross-section of the gallbladder divided in 3 sections
Mucosa: (inner layer)
- •Simple columnar epithelium that possesses microvilli (absorption)
- •When empty the mucosa is thrown into honeycomb-like folds
Muscularis: (middle layer)
- •Contains smooth m., collagen & elastin
- •Contracts in response to cholecystokinin & vagal stimulation
Adventitia/Serosa:
- Adventitia: Surface-attached to the liver
- Serosa: Peritoneal surface
What is the arterial supply pathway to the adrenal glands and the main veins
Arteries
Abdominal aorta
- Inferior phrenic Artety
- Superior adrenal artery
- Middle adrenal artery
- Renal Arteries
- Inferior Suprarenal artery
Veins
Rt adrenal vein
Lt adrenal vein
Introduce and label this slide
Thyroid
the thyroid is located on the anterior aspect of the neck wrapped around the trachea superior to rings 2/3. It is made composed of two lobes and the thymus. Its function is to produce and secrete hormones.
Thyroid gland
Spherical Follicles
Each follicle is surrounded by a ring of follicular cells
Follicular cells secrete Thyroglobulin precursor for thyroid hormones found in a gel made of Colloid
Parafollicular cells found in the gaps between follicles secrete calcitonin that affects storage of calcium
Thyroid hormones
- all hormones contain iodine
- Thyroxine
- Thyotironnine
Introduce and label this model
The Kidney
The kidneys are located in the posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity between the vertebral levels of L2/3 and T11/12. There are two bean-shaped kidneys in the body whose main function is to filtrate blood and produce urine.
Model of the inside of a Kidney, showing the nephron and glomerulus.
Label the diagram of the rectum
- Rectum
- Anorectal flexure
- Anal canal
- Anus
Not in diagram
- Rectosigmoid junction
Introduce and label this slide
Bladder
The bladder is located in the pelvic cavity, anterior to the rectum/ vagina. It is a muscular sac tetrahedral in shape that acts as temporary storage of urine.
Section of the wall of the bladder
MUCOSA: Bladder is lined with transitional epithelium that is thrown into numerous folds (rugae) in the relaxed state
MUSCULARIS: The smooth muscle of the bladder is referred to as detrusor muscle (L. ‘to thrust’)
- Longitudinal mm. inner
- Circular mm. middle
- Longitudinal mm. outer
ADVENTITIA: fat
Name the structures that surround D3
Horizontal part
location vertebral level L3
Anteriorly
- SMA SMV
- small intestine
Posteriorly
- Right psoas major
- IVC
- Aorta
- Right ureter
Superiorly - Head of the pancreas
Inferiorly - small intestine (illiac portion)
Introduce and label the large bowel
The large bowel is located on the abdominal cavity and attached to the greater omentum. It is divided into 6 parts as it progresses around the abdomen. its structure is mainly thick sacs named haustra held together in a muscle (teniae coli). The function of the large bowel as a whole is digestion, propulsion, absorption and defecation.
- Ceacum
- ileocecal junction
- veriform appendix
- mesoappendix
- Ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- SIgmoid colon
- hepatic flexure
- splenic flexure
- Rectum
- Anal canal
Label this model of SMA
- Superior mesenteric artery
- Middle colic artery - Hepatic Flexure colon
- Superior Colic artery - ascending Colon
- Ileocolic artery
- Anterior/ Posterior cecal - ceacum
- Appendicular - appendix
Introduce and label the pancreas
The Pancreas is located in the abdominal cavity in the epigastric and left the hypochondriac region. It is retroperitoneal and sits posterior to the stomach in a transverse direction with the head connected to D2 and the tail resting on the spleen. It has an elongated tadpole shape and is approx 15cm long. It functions as an exocrine and endocrine gland.
- Head
- neck
- body
- tail
- uncinate process
- pancreatic duct
- accessory pancreatic duct
Introduce & Label the Small Intestine
Location: The small intestine is located in the abdominal cavity. It starts at the stomach and finishes at the caecum of the large intestine in the illioceacal valve.
Function: End absortion of mnutrients and minerals from food.
Structure:
- Duodenum X 4
- Jejunum - Left
- Ileum - right
- Celiac trunk
- SMA
What is the nerve supply to the left side of the colon
Sympathetic via
inferior mesenteric plexus + inferior hypogastric plexus
- Splanchnic N
- Lumbar splanchnic
- Pelvic Splanchnic
Label the Visceral surface of the liver
- Caudate lobe
- Quadrate lobe
- left lobe
- Right lobe
- left hepatic artery
- right hepatic artery
- Portal vein
- Proper hepatic artery
- Bile duct
- Coronary ligaments
- IVC
- Round ligament
- gall bladder
**Not in Diagram**
- Lesser omentum
- Hepatoduodenal ligament
- Hepatogastric ligament
Introduce and label this slide
Kidney
The kidneys are located on the R/LUQ of the abdominal cavity at the level of T12 - L2/3 vertebrae. There are two bean-shaped kidneys. Function: Produce urine, Erythropoietin, Renin, Vitamin D, Gluconeogenesis.
Cross section of a kidney
- C= Cortex
- M= medulla
- P=papillae
- Cp = Capsule
- U= ureter
- H= Hilum
_**Mention Nephrons**_
Label and identify the following structures of the female reproductive system
The female reproductive system is located in the pelvic cavity. The main regions are the Uterus, Ovaries, vagina, and external genitalia. The main function is a reproduction.
External Genitalia
- Anal & urogenital triangles
- Mons Pubis
- Labia Majora
- Labia minora
- clitoris
- vagina
- vestibule of vagina
- vaginal orifice
- Vaginal Arteries
Uterus
- Fundus
- Body
- Isthmus
- cervix
- Internal Os
- External Os
- Uterine Arteries
Ovaries
- Ovarian Vessels
- Ligament of the ovary
- Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Urinary bladder
- Ureters
- Vesicouterine pouch
- rectouterine pouch
Name the structures around D2
Descending part
Location
- Vertebral levels L2-L3
- superior duodenal flexure
- inferior duodenla flexure
Anteriorly
- Transverse colon
- Transverse mesocolon
- Small Intestine
Posteriorly
- Hilum of Right kidney
- Renal Vessels
- Ureter
- Psoas major
Superiorly - D1
Inferiorly - D3
Medially
- Head of pancreas
- Pancreatic duct
- Bile duct
- Hepatopancreatic ampulla
- hepatopancreatic sphincter
- Major/ minor duodenal papilla
Introduce a nephron and their process
The functional unit of the kidneys. Located on the cortex. made out of Renal corpuscle, renal tubule, collecting duct. Function: Blood filtration and urine formation.
- Glomerulus form filtrate
- Proximal convoluted tubule: Process filtrate and reabsorb H2O, K+, Ca2+ Urea, Na+ glucose, AAs, secrete drugs
- Loop of Henle: reabsorption water
- Distal convoluted tubule: Secrete ADL + Ka+ and reabsorve ADH + water + ALD + Na+
- Collecting duct: Receive filtrate from the nephron and pass it to the minor calyces via papilla.
Introduce and label this slide
Ovaries
The ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity oblique to the ASIS. They Lie in a shallow fossa, in the angle between the internal and external iliac vessels on the obturator nerve. There are two almond-shaped glands. Their function is the production of female gametes and synthesis of female hormones.
F= folicule: contain female gametes in various stages of development
L= broad ligament
H= helicine artery
M= medulla
CL= corpora lutea: post ovulatory follicles
Germinal epithileum: peritoneum (cover ovary)
•Cortex: (tunica albuginea): houses the forming gametes
•Medulla: contains the large vessels and nerves
Introduce and Label this histology slide
Esophagus
the Esophagus is located in the thoracic cavity mostly on the posterior mediastinum region, between the laryngopharynx and the stomach. It sits posterior to the trachea. Its function is to allow passage of food from the mouth to the stomach
Cross-section of the esophagus
Mucosa
- •Stratified squamous epithelium
- •Gastroesophageal junction: simple columnar ep.
Submucosa
- •Mucous-secreting glands
Muscularis
- •Sup. 1/3: skeletal mm
- •Mid. 1/3: mixture of skeletal & smooth mm
- •Inf. 1/3: smooth mm
Outer layer
- •Cervical & thoracic part: adventitia
- •Abdominal part: serosa
labels
- LM=Longitudinal muscule
- CM= circular muscule
- Ly= lymphoid
- G=submucosa gland
- SM= submucosa
- MM= muscularis mucosa
- E= epithilium
- L= lumen
introduce and label this slide
Appendix
Located in the right lower quadrant of the abdominal cavity. It is an Intestinal outpouch attached to the posterior aspect of the caecum in the large bowel. Function: Immunity: produces and stores lymphocytes, Reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria Helps to recolonise the gut when needed
Cross-section of the appendix
- S=serosa layer:
- M= mesoappendix: suspensory mesentery continues from outer serosa layer
- F= follicles: simple epithileum
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis Externa
- Lymphoid tissue
introduce and label this slide
Adrenal gland
The adrenal glands are located in the abdominal cavity and sit on the superior poles of the kidney. The adrenal glands are divided into two main regions, the cortex and the medulla. Their function is to produce hormones.
Cross section of adrenal gland
Cortex - corticosteroid hormones
-
Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (balance water and minerals
- Aldosterone - acts on nephron for reabsortion)
-
Zona Fasciculata: glucocorticoids (promote glucogenesis, produce glucose from fat and proteins
- Cortisol - enhance SNS for BP, regulated immune response).
-
Zona reticularis: Androgens production
- Sex cells (estrogen, testosterone)
Medulla
Produce chromaffin cells - produce catecholamine adrenalin 80% and noradrenaline20% - increase the activity of Sympathetic NS
- Increase HR & cardiac contractility
- increase Peripheral vessel constriction, increase BP
- increase bloodglucose, BMR
Label and introduce the boundaries of the female perineum
The perineum is a diamond shaped region on the inferior aspect of the pelvis, bound by the pubic symphysis coccyx and ischial tuberosities. Its made out of urogenital and anal triangles, Its made out of 5 layers starting with the skin up to the pelvic diaphragm. Together they form the pelvic floor.
Anteriorly:
- Pubic symphysis
- Mons Pubis
Anterolaterally
- Inferior pubic Rami
- ischial Rami
Laterally
- Ischial Tuberosity
- Medial aspect of Thighs
Posterolaterally
- Sacrotuberous ligaments
Posteriorly
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
- gluteal folds
- inguinal cleft
Introduce and label this slide
Testes
The tests are part of the male reproductive system. They are suspended in the scrotum on the posteroinferior to the penis in the lower abdominal wall. They are the male ovoids and site for spermatogenesis.
Cross- section of testes
E= epididimis
RT= rete testes: tubes on posterior testes - drain to epidydimis
S= septum: separates seminiferus tubules - site of spermatogenesis
TA= tunica albuginea: fibrous capsule of testes
Seminiferus tubules - Spermatogenesis
- Spermatogenic cells: Sperm (sexualy mature sperm)
- sustentacular cells: suport spermatogenic cells and nourish sperm
- interstitial endocrine cells: produce testosterone
- Myoid cells: squeze sperms out of seminiferus tubes
introduce and label this slide
The large bowel is located in the abdominal cavity. It is made from pouches called haustra and a muscle name tinae coli. The functions of the large bowel are digestion propulsion absorption and defecation.
The slide is a cross-section of the wall of the large bowel.
From the outer layer in
- Muscular layer
- LM= longitudinal muscle
- CM= circular muscle
- Submucosa
- mucosa
- simple columnar epithelium
- Deep mucosa
- crypts (contain goblet cells)
Label and introduce this slide
Spleen
The spleen is located in the LUQ between R9-11. Function: Blood filtration, Immunity, Reservoir, recycle. Structure: Diaphragmatic and visceral surface + 3 borders + 4 impresions. Friable texture
Portion of spleen
- WP= White pulp: site of immune functions, Mostly lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibres
- RP= Red pulp: where senescent RBC and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed
- C= capsule
- T= trabeculae
