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My Packs: School (Grade 11 Semester 2) > (SBI4U1) The Endocrine System > Flashcards

(SBI4U1) The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

Collection of glands

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2
Q

What do the endocrine glands secrete?

A

Hormones

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3
Q

What 2 systems maintain homeostasis?

A

Endocrine

Nervous

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4
Q

What signals the release of hormones from endocrine glands?

A

Nervous System

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5
Q

Difference between endocrine and nervous signals (2)

A

Endocrine: Slower acting, longer lasting
Nervous: Fast acting, transient

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6
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells/organs

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7
Q

Where are hormones secreted?

A

Specialized glands (thyroid, pancreas etc.)

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8
Q

Hormones travel through the ___________ to affect ______ _____ by binding to _________

A

Bloodstream
Target cells
Receptors

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9
Q

The secretion of most hormones are regulated by what mechanism?

A

Negative-Feedback Mechanism

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10
Q

What are the major endocrine glands? (7)

A 
Hypothalamus/Pituitary
Thyroid Gland
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Pineal Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Gonads (testes/ovaries)
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11
Q

____________ receives inputs from the _______ system and releases ________ to control the __________ gland

A

Hypothalamus
Nervous
Hormones
Pituitary

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12
Q

What are the two major lobes of pituitary gland?

A

Anterior

Posterior

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13
Q

What are the hormones released by the Posterior Pituitary? (2)

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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14
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Anti-Diuretic Hormone

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15
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Regulates fluid balance in body

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16
Q

What is the function of oxytocin? (2)

A

Triggers uterine muscle contractions during child birth

Stimulates breast milk production

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17
Q

Increased ADH = Decreased _____ ______

A

Urine volume

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18
Q

What are the hormones released by the anterior pituitary? (7)

A 
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
HGH
PRL
Endorphins
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19
Q

What does TSH stand for?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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20
Q

What does ACTH stand for?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

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21
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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22
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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23
Q

What does HGH stand for?

A

Human Growth Hormone

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24
Q

What does PRL stand for?

A

Prolactin

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25
Q

What does TSH do? (2)

A

Stimulates thyroid to grow

Stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroid hormones

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26
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones in response to stress

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27
Q

What does FSH do? (2)

A

In females: stimulates egg development and secretion of sex hormones
In males: stimulates sperm production

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28
Q

What does LH do? (2)

A

In females: regulates ovulation

In males: regulates secretion of sex hormones

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29
Q

What does HGH do?

A

Stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues

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30
Q

What does PRL do?

A

Stimulates breast development and milk production

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31
Q

What does endorphins do?

A

Neurotransmitters, act as natural pain killers

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32
Q

Adrenal glands are located where?

A

On top of each kidney

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33
Q

What do adrenal glands do?

A

Release hormones to respond to stress

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34
Q

____ stimulates the adrenal ______ in long term stress

A

ACTH

Cortex

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35
Q

___________ ______ stimulates the adrenal _______ in short term stress

A

Sympathetic nerves

Medulla

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36
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex? (2)

A

Cortisol

Aldosterone

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37
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline

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38
Q

What happens what cortisol and aldosterone are released? (4)

A

Retention of sodium ions and water
Increased blood volume/pressure
Protein and fat converted to glucose
Immune cells suppressed

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39
Q

True of False:

The suppression of immune cells with the release of cortisol and aldosterone could lead to long term health effects

A

True

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40
Q

What stimulates the adrenal medulla to release hormones?

A

Sympathetic nerves

41
Q

What happens when adrenaline is released? (2)

A

Glycogen converted to glucose

Increased blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, metabolic rate

42
Q

What is the results of adrenaline called?

A

Fight or flight response

43
Q

Regulation of Cortisol Production:

What triggers the adrenal cortex to make cortisol? Where is it from?

A

ACTH

Anterior pituitary

44
Q

Regulation of Cortisol Production:

What triggers the anterior pituitary to release ACTH? Where is it from?

A

CRH

Hypothalamus

45
Q

What stimulates the thyroid gland?

46
Q

What does CRH stand for?

A

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

47
Q

What does the thyroid gland release when stimulated?

48
Q

Receptors for thyroxine is found on ____ ____ _____

A

Most body cells

49
Q

What effects does thyroxine have? (2)

A

Increased metabolic rate (energy production) in cells

Increased oxygen consumption in cells

50
Q

Where is the increased consumption of oxygen caused by thyroxine most prevalent? (4)

A

Heart
Liver
Kidney
Skeletal Muscle

51
Q

What triggers the anterior pituitary to release TSH?

52
Q

Where is TRH produced?

A

Hypothalamus

53
Q

If metabolism rates are too ___, hypothalamus releases ___ triggering pituitary to release ___, triggering _______ to release _________

A 
Low
TRH
TSH
Thyroid
Thyroxine
54
Q

What is low levels of thyroxine known as?

A

Hypothyroidism

55
Q

What is high levels of thyroxine known as?

A

Hyperthyroidism

56
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? (5)

A 
Muscular weakness
Constant fatigue
Sensitivity to cold
Slowed mental processes
Poor memory
Goitre
Constant stimulation of thyroid by TSH
57
Q

What is goitre and what causes it?

A

Increased size of the thyroid due to lack of iodine (needed to make thyroxine)

58
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (7)

A 
Rapid forceful heartbeat
Weight loss in spite of increased appetite
Restlessness
Anxiety
Sleeplessness
Profuse sweating
Heat intolerance
59
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Regulates glucose levels

60
Q

What 2 hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

61
Q

Insulin and glucagon are ____________ hormones; they have ________ effects

A

Antagonistic

Opposing

62
Q

What stimulates insulin secretion? What secretes insulin?

What does insulin do?

A

High blood glucose levels
Beta cells
Converts glucose to glycogen to be stored in the liver

63
Q

What stimulates glucagon secretion? What secretes glucagon?

What does glucagon do?

A

Low blood glucose levels
Alpha cells
Causes breakdown of glycogen and cellular release of glucose into blood

64
Q

What disease is characterized by a high blood glucose level caused by problems with insulin production and/or action?

65
Q

Why does Type 1 diabetes occur? How is it treated?

A

Occurs because the islet cells in the pancreas do not produce any insulin
Treated by injections of insulin

66
Q

Why does Type 2 diabetes occur? How is it treated?

A

Occurs from reduced insulin production and/or the inability of insulin to bind to its receptors properly.
Treated by controlling diet and exercise

67
Q

What is type 1 diabetes also known as?

A

Juvenile diabetes

68
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

69
Q

What is the secretion of melatonin based on?

A

Amount of light

70
Q

Low light = ____ melatonin

Increased light = ____ melatonin

71
Q

What does melatonin do? (3)

A

Regulates sleep cycle
Inhibits release of gonadotropins in young children (inhibits onset of puberty)
May act as an antioxidant and neuroprotective agent

72
Q

More melatonin = ____ sleepy

73
Q

What does the parathyroid gland regulate?

A

Calcium levels in the blood

74
Q

Parathyroid gland releases ___________ hormone in response to low _______ ______

A

Parathyroid

Calcium levels

75
Q

How many targets does the parathyroid hormone have? What are they?

A

3 targets:
Bones
Kidney
Intestines

76
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do to bones?

A

Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone, releasing calcium

77
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do to the kidneys?

A

Stimulates reabsorption of calcium from nephron into the blood

78
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do to the intestines?

A

Increased absorption of calcium into the blood occurs due to elevated vitamin D levels

79
Q

What are the gonads of males? What are the gonads of females?

A

Males: Testes
Females: Ovaries

80
Q

The gonads are the primary source of what?

A

Sex hormones

81
Q

What are the three types of sex hormones?

A

Androgen
Estrogen
Progestin

82
Q

True or False:

Both males and females produce all three types of sex hormones

83
Q

What is the predominant sex hormone in males?

84
Q

What are the predominant sex hormones females?

A

Estrogen and progestin

85
Q

What is the primary sex hormone in males?

A

Testosterone

86
Q

What is the primary sex hormone in females?

87
Q

Testosterone and estrogen control what? (2)

A

Development of the secondary sexual characteristics

Sex drive

88
Q

In males:

At the onset of puberty the hypothalamus secretes what?

A

GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)

89
Q

In males:

What does the GnRH do?

A

Stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH(Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) and LH(Luteinizing Hormone)

90
Q

In males:

What does FSH do?

A

Initiates sperm production

91
Q

In males:

What does LH do?

A

Signals the release of testosterone

92
Q

In males:

What is testosterone responsible for? (6)

A 
Secondary sex characteristics:
Deepening of the voice
Growth of facial and body hair
Muscle development
Beginnings of sex drive
Sperm production in testes
93
Q

What arises with rising levels of testosterone?

A

Increasing inhibin levels as a negative feedback system, inhibiting the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH

94
Q

In females:

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates the development of egg cells (ova), which develop in the follicles

95
Q

In females:

What cells produce inhibin to inhibit FSH production?

A

Follicle cells

96
Q

In females:

What does LH do? (3)

A

Plays a role in the development of ova, as well as in the
Induction of ovulation, and the
Stimulation of estrogen and progesterone production by the ovaries

97
Q

In females:

What does estrogen do? (2)

A

Assists in endometrial regrowth, ovulation, and calcium absorption
Responsible for secondary sex characteristics (breast development, growth of body hair, widening of the pelvis, development of sex drive)

98
Q

In females:

What does progesterone do?

A

Assists in endometrial regrowth and inhibition of FSH and LH release

99
Q

During middle age, the ovaries become ____ sensitive to ___ and __ and, therefore, cease to ______ follicles and undergo _________. What is this known as?

A 
Less
FSH
LH
Mature
Ovulation
Menopause

My Packs: School (Grade 11 Semester 2) (20 decks)

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