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My Packs: School (Grade 11 Semester 2) > (SBI4U1) DNA Structure and Replication > Flashcards

(SBI4U1) DNA Structure and Replication Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

What does DNA do? (2)

A

Contains hereditary information

Provides instructions for making proteins

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4
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

Needed to carry cellular processes

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5
Q

What is the monomer that makes a DNA polymer?

A

Nucleotides

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6
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate
Pentose/ribose sugar (deoxyribose)
Nitrogen base

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7
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

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8
Q

Identify the nitrogen base: A

A

Adenine

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9
Q

Identify the nitrogen base: G

A

Guanine

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10
Q

Identify the nitrogen base: T

A

Thymine

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11
Q

Identify the nitrogen base: C

A

Cytosine

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12
Q

Which two nitrogen bases are double rings?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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13
Q

Which two nitrogen bases are single ring?

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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14
Q

What are double ring nitrogen bases called?

A

Purines

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15
Q

What are single ring nitrogen bases called?

A

Pyrimidines

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16
Q

What is the main structural component of the DNA double helix?

A

The sugar-phosphate backbone

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17
Q

The 2 sugar-phosphate backbones are bonded to each other through their ________ _____ using _________ _______

A

Nitrogen bases

Hydrogen Bonding

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18
Q

A purine always pairs up with what?

A

Pyrimidine

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19
Q

Adenine (A) always binds to:

A

Thymine (T)

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20
Q

Cytosine (C) always binds to:

A

Guanine (G)

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21
Q

DNA exhibits _______________ base pairing

A

Complementary

22
Q

The 5’ end of one sugar is connected to the _’ end of the next sugar by a __________ group

A

3

Phosphate

23
Q

The sequence/order of nitrogen bases is always read in the _’ to _’ direction

A

5’

3’

24
Q

The 2 sugar-phosphate strands are “_______” relative to each other in order to keep the nitrogen bases line up
What is this called?

A

Flipped

Antiparallel strands

25
Q

The sugar phosphate strand on the left side runs _’ to _’

A

5’

3’

26
Q

What are the three main differences between DNA and RNA?

A

The sugar molecule of DNA is missing an oxygen from carbon 2
The nitrogenous base in RNA is Uracil instead of Thymine in DNA
DNA is double stranded, whereas RNA is single stranded

27
Q

When cells divide, ___ needs to be copied

A

DNA

28
Q

What enzymes make the new DNA?

A

DNA polymerases

29
Q

What is needed by DNA polymerases to build new DNA? (2)

A

Template strand

Primer

30
Q

What is a primer? (2)

A

Short strands of RNA

Starting point where new nucleotides are added to the growing strand

31
Q

DNA polymerases synthesize DNA in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

32
Q

On on half of the DNA, the new strand is made as a continuous piece called:

A

Leading strand

33
Q

On the other half of the DNA, the new strand is made in small pieces called:

A

Lagging strand

34
Q

What enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases during DNA replication?

A

Helicase

35
Q

What stabilizes the single strands of DNA so that they don’t rejoin?

A

Single Stranded Binding (SSB) Proteins

36
Q

Primers are a ________ point where new nucleotides are added to the _______ strand

A

Starting

Growing

37
Q

New nucleotides are added by:

A

DNA polymerase III

38
Q

Which end does the DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides?

A

Only adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of an existing DNA strand

39
Q

What provides a 3’ end for DNA polymerase III to add to?

A

RNA primer

40
Q

DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

41
Q

On which strand can DNA polymerase add nucleotides continuously?

A

Leading strand

42
Q

What are the short DNA segments added on the lagging strand called?

A

Okazaki Fragments

43
Q

Why is there short DNA segments on the lagging strand? (2)

A

DNA can only be added in the 5’ to 3’ direction

The newly forming lagging strand runs 3’ to 5’

44
Q

The primers of the lagging stand are _______ by what?

A

Removed

DNA polymerase I

45
Q

What are Okazaki fragments joined together by?

A

DNA ligase

46
Q

Once all RNA primers are removed, new DNA is left with _____ _____ ________ ____ that are _______

A

Short single stranded ends

Removed

47
Q

What are the short single stranded ends that are removed called?

A

Telomers

48
Q

As ________ shorten, the cell ages and eventually dies

A

Telomers

49
Q

Why are telomers removed?

A

They are removed because the ends are noncoding regions

50
Q

Is DNA replication perfect?

A

No

51
Q

What can catch errors in base pairing? How does it deal with errors?

A

DNA polymerase I

Remove incorrect bases

My Packs: School (Grade 11 Semester 2) (20 decks)

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