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My Packs: School (Grade 11 Semester 2) > (SBI4U1) Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

(SBI4U1) Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What builds the proteins?

A

Ribosomes

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2
Q

What needs to get out of the nucleus to the ribosome in order to be used to build proteins?

A

DNA

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3
Q

How does the DNA code get out of nucleus?

A

Crick’s central dogma
DNA + Transcription = RNA
RNA + Translation = Protein

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4
Q

Proteins are ________ made of several ________ called _____ _____

A

Polymers
Monomers
Amino acids

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5
Q

Proteins are built from combinations of the __ different amino acids

A

20

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6
Q

In order to obtain at least 20 different amino acids, _ bases are needed to code for _ amino acid

A

3

1

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7
Q

What are the three bases needed to code for 1 amino acid called?

A

Codon

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8
Q

True or false:

The genetic code is redundant

A

True, one amino acid can be produced by more than one codon

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9
Q

RNA is found in both the _______ and _________

A

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

DNA is found only in the _______

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

If the DNA can’t get to the ribosomes to do protein synthesis by itself, what must happen?

A

Information stored in DNA must be carried to the ribosome using RNA

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12
Q

What is the purpose of transcription?

A

To accurately copy the information in DNA into an RNA molecule

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13
Q

How does the cell know where to start transcription?

A

Cells need to find the specific sequences (genes) that need to be transcribed

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14
Q

The sequences that are recognized as the _________ _____ for transcription are called what?

A

Starting point

Are called: promoter sequences

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15
Q

What is a promoter sequence?

Describe it

A

TATA box

Contains repeating T and A nucleotides, acts as the starting point for transcription

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16
Q

___ ___________ binds to the promoter/TATA box sequence to start building the RNA strand

A

RNA polymerase

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17
Q

True or false:

In the initiation of transcription, the RNA strand built is not complementary to the DNA

A

False, the RNA strand is complementary to the DNA

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18
Q

DNA is organized into segments called what?

A

Genes

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19
Q

Each gene codes for what?

A

A different protein product

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20
Q

The code that builds protein (______) is found _____ the ____ sequence (_____ ___)

A

Codon
After
TATA
TATA box

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21
Q

RNA polymerase works in what direction to build RNA?

A

5’ to 3’

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22
Q

True or false:

RNA has okazaki fragments

A

False, RNA is single stranded, so there’re no Okazaki fragments

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23
Q

Transcription involves __ proof reading, so ________ are made

A

No

Mistakes

24
Q

What does transcription produce?

A

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

25
Q

The mRNA is _____________ to the DNA it was made from

A

Complementary

26
Q

What stops transcription on the DNA strand?

A

Terminator sequences (G’s, C’s, & A’s)

27
Q

What detaches from DNA once strand is at terminator sequence? (2)

A 
RNA polymerase
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
28
Q

What is the mRNA strand produced during transcription called?

29
Q

True or false:

The pre-mRNA is processed in 2 steps

A

False, the pre-mRNA is processed in 3 steps

30
Q

What are the 3 steps of processing pre-mRNA?

A
  1. Add a 5’ cap
  2. Add a Poly-A tail
  3. mRNA splicing
31
Q

What is a 5’ cap?

A

Modified G nucleotide added to 5’ end

32
Q

What is a Poly-A tail?

A

A nucleotides that are added to 3’ end

33
Q

Genetic codes contain coding sequences and noncoding sequences, what are they called?

A

Exons (coding sequences)

Introns (noncoding sequences)

34
Q

What removes introns and reconnect exons in the mRNA transcript?

A

Spliceosomes

35
Q

Spliceosomes remove _______ and reconnect _____

A

Introns

Exons

36
Q

What is needed in translation?

A 
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomes
37
Q

What is the function of the tRNA?

A

Reads the message on the mRNA and carries amino acids to the ribosome to build a polypeptide

38
Q

How does the tRNA recognize the mRNA codon?

A

Using an anticodon

39
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

3 nucleotides that are complementary to the mRNA codon

40
Q

The 3’ end of the tRNA is where what attaches?

A

Amino acid

41
Q

Ribosomes have _ binding sites for tRNA molecules

42
Q

What are the 3 binding sites of the ribosome?

A

P site
A site
E site

43
Q

What is the function of the P site in the ribosome?

A

Holds one tRNA and the growing chain of amino acids

44
Q

What is the function of the A site in the ribosome?

A

Holds tRNA bringing the next amino acid

45
Q

What is the function of the E site in the ribosome?

A

Releases tRNA molecules as the ribosome shifts over to read the next codon

46
Q

What is the first part of translation?

A

Initiation

47
Q

What happens in initiation in translation?

A

mRNA reaches the cytoplasm
mRNA sticks to the rRNA in the ribosome
tRNA with the anticodon complementary to the first codon binds to the mRNA in the P-site

48
Q

What RNA is in the ribosome?

49
Q

Initiation in Translation:

____ with the anticodon complementary to the first codon binds to the _____ in the _-site

50
Q

What is the second part of translation?

A

Elongation

51
Q

Elongation in Translation:

The next ____ molecule binds to the ____ codon in the _ site

52
Q

Elongation in Translation:

The existing amino acid chain the _ site is transferred to the amino acid in the _ site by forming a ________ bond

53
Q

Elongation in Translation:
Ribosome moves _ nucleotides over to read the next _____
The tRNA that was in the A site, is now in the _ site
The newly exposed codon makes up a new empty _ site
tRNA from the P site is now in the _ site

A 
3
Codon
P
A
E
54
Q

True or false:

The process of elongation in translation repeats until a stop codon on the mRNA strand is reached

55
Q

____ _____ prevents more amino acids from being added to the polypeptide chain

A

Stop codon

56
Q

_______ ______ frees the polypeptide chain

A

Release factor

57
Q

When the polypeptide becomes free from the ribosome, what happens?

A

It will take its shape by folding

My Packs: School (Grade 11 Semester 2) (20 decks)

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