SBA questions Flashcards
The differences in health outcomes between social classes
1) Artefact – the differences in health status that are observed are due to the limitations of measurement.
2) Social selection/mobility - health determines class position not vice versa: the healthy more likely to move up social hierarchy, the unhealthy more likely to move down
3) Behavioural/cultural - Differences in health status arise because of class differences in behaviours that are health damaging or health promoting
4) Materialist/ structuralist – Differences in health status is caused by differences in income, occupation, housing & work environment, economic and social deprivation (i.e. structural factors)
Define rheumatic fever
A systemic post streptococcal inflammatory disease affecting the heart and other sites (joints, brain and skin)
4 clinical manifestation of mitral stenosis
Dyspnoea, fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, oedema, diastolic murmur
The haemodynamic mechanism of mitral stenosis
Dyspnoea usually results from the elevation in left atrial pressure, and pulmonary venous hypertension, which leads to reduced compliance of the lungs and a decrease in vital capacity. Dyspnoea also may be related to an inability to increase the cardiac output with increased metabolic demands
The initial steps after a needle stick injury
1) Ensure patient is safe
2) Immediately encourage bleeding by applying pressure around the wound
3) Wash the area with soap under running water for approximately 5 minutes.
4) Inform the appropriate staff as an accident form will need to be completed and appropriate action taken
The common histopathological type of colonic carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
The pathophysiological mechanism of diabetes
Net insulin deficiency leads to hyperglycaemia
Why do diabetics pass more urine
Osmotic diuresis (hyperglycaemia)
A test used to determine the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics
1) Disc diffusion method / Kirby-Bauer method
2) Broth dilution method/assay
Name the four principles that feature in principalism
autonomy: self-determination
beneficence: well-being or best interests
non-maleficence: the ‘no harm’ principle
justice: fairness or equity
Three areas of the GMC’s ethical guidance
Consent and shared decision making Confidentiality Leadership and management Research Care at the end of life
Explain with examples the biopsychosocial model
The biopsychosocial model states that a persons health is influenced by social (eg unemployment, social isolation), psychological (eg. stress, traumatic life events) and biological (eg. genetics, blood pressure) factors and that all should be taken into account when treating a patient.
Explain the three stage model of reflection
What- the experience
So what?- reflection
Now what- learning from the experince
Explain the basis of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the meaning of the values?
Systolic pressure represents the pressure of arterial blood measured in mm of mercury in the brachial artery during cardiac systole, the second is during cardiac diastole
The mechanism in which hypertension damages arteries?
Hypertension causes injury to vessel walls. It also causes endothelial injury and vascular cell proliferation which amplifies the atherosclerotic pathway
