Carbohydrates and molarity Flashcards
How to chemical changes effect carbohydrates
Affects their function and the way the body uses them, the react differently with other molecules meaning they have different properties.
Glycosylation
In post translational modification oligosaccharides can be added to proteins. They can regulate protein function, can be O-linked (oxygen) or N-linked (nitrogen), Aids in folding and processing of protein, alters its ability to interact with other cell macromolecules.
Functions of glycosylation
They are involved in protection (mucin), recognition, adhesion, structural (collagen), and cell communication.
Three classes of glycoproteins
simple glycoproteins (mainly protein), mucins (mainly carbohydrate), proteoglycans (mainly carbohydrate).
Glycosylation diseases
Diseases can be caused when there is a mutation in the enzyme involved in glycosylation meaning the process does not take place. Can cause developmental delay and seizures.
Mucus function
Forms a protective layer on epithelial surfaces. Traps foreign particles and bacteria, when swallowed they are destroyed in stomach acid. In the digestive tract it lubricates and protects the stomack lining from the acid
Mucin structure
Mucin forms a part of mucus. The proteins backbone in mucin is highly O-glycosylated, it is also hygroscopic meaning it attracts and retains H2O. There is a D-domain either side of the protein backbone this allows the mucin to form disulphide bonds with other mucin molecules. The disulphide bonds allow for polymerisation which allows the formation of a hydrated gel lattice, as the glycosylation allows it to hold a lot of water.
Basic empirical formula of carbohydrates
(CH2O)n
Groups sugars can be defined by
Aldehydes-aldoses
Ketones-ketoses
Oligosaccharides
Carbohydrates are between 2 or 10 simple sugars
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond.
Glycosidic bond
Formed in a condensation reaction. Bond is named after the carbons which join up i.e. a 1-6 glyocsidic bond. Alpha and beta glycosidic bond, in beta the sugar molecule is switched upside down.
Starch
Type of polysaccharide. It is made of amylose (alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds) and amylopectin (alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds), which generates branching. It is very dense, and the branching means that it is easily broken down.
Cellulose
Beta 1,4 linked D glucose, very rigid forms structural component in plants. Insoluble and hard to digest.
Glycogen
Stores most glucose in humans. Mainly alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds with some alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds which allow for branching so it can be rapidly broken down
moles equation
moles= mass/mr
molarity
The number of moles of a substance dissolved in a litre dm^3 of solution, measure of concentration.
Molarity equation
Molarity= mol/ volume (litres)
What is a millilitre equal to
1cm^3
What is a litre equal to
1dm^3 and a 1000 cubic cm
How changing the length of a side effects volume
In a cube if you are changing each side by a factor of ten you are changing the volume by a factor of a thousand
Dividing square routes
10^x / 10^y = 10^(x/y)
Squaring square roots
You multiply them together i.e. 5x3=15
Concentration
Amount divided by volume i.e. g/l can also be expressed as % weight per volume or %weight by weight. You dissolve 10 grams of salt in 100 grams of water, what’s the percentage of the solution that is salt. Can also be expressed as %volume per volume, same as with weight but for volume.
Dilution factor
Ratio of the two volumes, final volume divided by initial volume
Osmosis
The passive movement of a solvent from an a region of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmotic pressure
The pressure exerted by the flow of water across a membrane as determined by solute concentration
Hypo-osmolar
An area of low solute concentration which the water moves from in osmosis
Hyper-osmolar
An area of high solute concentration which the water moves to in osmosis
Iso-osmolar
When the solute concentration is the same in both solutions and there is no net movement of solvent
Hypotonic solution
The osmolarity is less than the cells, water moves into the cells and they expand
Hypertonic solution
The solution has an osmolarity greater than the cell. Water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks
Isotonic solution
The solution has an osmolarity that equals the intracellular, there is no net change in cell size
Mole
The amount of a substance compared to the number of atoms in 12grams of carbon 12
Avogadro’s constant
6.02 x10^23
Osmolarity
The concentration of a solution expressed as moles per litre, includes dissociated ions, so when you add 1mol of NaCl to water it will be 2 osmol
Osmolarity
The concentration of a solution expressed as mMol per kg. The mass refers to the mass of the solvent and solute. Independent of temperature and pressure
Adding or subtracting in scientific notation
You convert them to the same power then do it normally