SB9e-f Flashcards
What are the two types of pollution?
- Air pollution
- Water pollution
What are indicator species?
Any species that with its absence or presence indicates that there is pollution in an area.
What are the two species that indicate air pollution?
- Lecanora Conizaeoides (type of lichens)
- Blackspot fungus
How does the Lecanora Conizaeoides indicate air pollution?
It can tolerate polluted air caused by sulfur dioxide and can be found only on trees in the area where air is polluted with sulfur-containing gases from burning fossil fuels. This is why it is an indicator for sulfur dioxide pollution.
How does blackspot fungus indicate air pollution?
It cannot tolerate sulphur dioxide pollution so will not be found in an area where air is polluted with sulfur-containing gases. It usually infects rose bushes.
Which substances can cause water pollution?
- Mercury
- Detergents
Other common sources of pollution include:
- Fertilisers
- Sewage
How is water pollution determined?
By the oxygen concentration in the water. The more oxygen is present in water, the less the pollution.
Which organisms’ presence show there is no water pollution?
- Stonefly nymph
- Dragon fly nymph
- Fresh water shrimp
Which organisms’ presence show there is water pollution?
- Water louse
- Blood worm
- Sludge worm
How can sludge worms and blood worms live in polluted water?
They contain high amounts of haemoglobin.
How do we measure air and water pollution?
Sensors.
What are the two types of feeding relationships?
- Parasitism
- Mutualism
What is parasitism?
When one organism (parasite) benefits by feeding off a host organism while causing damage to the host organism.
What are two examples of parasites?
- Head lice (live on host)
- Tapeworms (live inside host)
What do head lice do and what adaptations allow them to survive?
Head lice feed on the blood of the host and have adapted to live on hair and skin.
These adaptations are:
- Sharp mouthparts to pierce the skin and suck the blood
- Sharp claws to grab on hair and skin
- Lay eggs that are glued to hair to stop them from falling off
What do tapeworms do and what adaptations allow them to survive?
Tapeworms feed on nutrients from the host and have adapted to live inside the intestines of the host.
These adaptations are:
- Hookers and suckers found on its head to attach to the walls of the intestines
- Body made up of segments that contain male and female sex organs so they can fertilise and multiply
- Flattened body to allow fast absorption of nutrients without needing a digestive or circulatory system
What is mutualism?
When both organisms benefit from the relationship and no one causes harm to the other.
What are some examples of mutualistic relationships?
- Flowers and insects
- Sea anemones and clown fish
- Coral polyps and single-celled algae
- Nitrogen fixing bacteria and leguminous plants (SOS)
How do flowers and insects benefit each other in their mutualistic relationship?
- Insect provides the flower with pollen grains to get pollinated and produce fertilised eggs
- Flower provides the insect with nectar or pollen as food to survive
How do sea anemones and clown fish benefit each other in their mutualistic relationship?
- Sea anemone provides protection for clownfish from predators using its stinging tentacles
- Clownfish chases away any predators of the sea anemone and provides nutrients to the sea anemone for growth through its faeces
How do coral polyps and single-celled algae benefit each other in their mutualistic relationship?
- Coral polyps provides protection for algae by allowing it to live inside it
- Algae provides food for the polyp through photosynthesis
How do nitrogen fixing bacteria and leguminous plants benefit each other in their mutualistic relationship?
- Plant provides nutrition and protection from the environment for the bacteria by allowing it to live inside its root nodules
- Bacteria fixes nitrogen for plant to use
