sat reading Flashcards
If we consider the peculiar situation of the United States, and what are the sources of that diversity of sentiment which pervades its
60 inhabitants, we shall find great danger to fear that the same causes may terminate here in the same fatal effects which they produced in those republics. This danger ought to be wisely guarded against.
The author of Passage 2 states that the opinions of U. S. citizens are optimistic. divided. illogical. trivial.
B = ~ Diverse sentiment
Measuring the
55 performance speed would help to explain the underlying mechanism. Second, only one type of task was used. If viewing baby animals induced a behavioral tendency toward protection and caregiving, performance improvement could be specific to a care-related task. The operation task used by 60 Sherman et al. suggests caregiving because the player is expected to act as a doctor who helps the patient depicted on the game board with removing foreign objects from the patient’s body. Using different types of tasks would elucidate the cause of performance improvement.
65 Recently, Sherman and Haidt challenged the classic view that cuteness is an innate releaser of parental instincts and caregiving responses. Instead, they proposed that perceiving cuteness motivates social engagement and primes affiliative, friendly tendencies. This attitudinal change is assumed to be70 linked with cognitive processes related to mentalizing (i.e.,attributing mental states to agents) and sometimes indirectly leads to increased care. If cuteness-induced behavioral carefulness is caused by a heightened motivation for social interaction, the effect would not be found in simple75 perceptual-cognitive tasks that do not suggest social interaction
The author said that the experiment can be improved by changing the methodology. Highlight which part it says that
1) Using different types of tasks would elucidate the cause of performance improvement.
2) If viewing baby animals induced a behavioral tendency toward protection and caregiving, performance improvement could be specific to a care-related task
3) Instead, they proposed that perceiving cuteness motivates social engagement and primes affiliative, friendly tendencies.
is 1
is not 2) because it does not say to change something
Their work in Bangladesh involves removing toxins, from the drinking water, primarily through water purification.
a) Their work, in Bangladesh, involves removing toxins, from the drinking water
b) Their work in Bangladesh involves removing toxins from the drinking water,
c) Their work in Bangladesh involve s removing toxins, from the drinking water,
Their work is subject and CAN’T BE SEPARATED FROM the verb involves
Removing toxins from the drinking water
B
A CAREER IN WATER CHEM LEADING TO exciting travel and teaching opportunities, and working to de-contaminate water supplies around the world is a rewarding experience for those who undertake it
A) no change
b) that leads to
c) can lead to
d) Careers leading to
around the world IS a rewarding.. -> A career
Comma after + “and” - coordinative conjunction -> the previous phase SHOULD BE INDEPENDENT
“ A career in water chem CAN LEAD TO exciting travel and teaching opportunities.”
Can lead to => subject + verb to be + verb
President Roosevelt established the New Deal
programs in 1933. One of these programs, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), created jobs mainly in the form of public works projects, such as constructing bridges and [ other 7 building-related New Deal infrastructure projects].
A. NO CHANGE
B. infrastructure projects that created jobs.
C. infrastructure projects as part of Roosevelt’s New Deal programs.
D. infrastructure.
A 150-plus wedding party, a business conference, and a family reunion have all [ plummeted ] on the hotel grounds in the same weekend.
A. NO CHANGE
B. submerged
C. lowered
D. descended
Identify the other words’ meaning too
A) Plummeted: fall rapidly from a great height
b) submerged: “sub” exist underwater
d) descended: A large group of people arriving at one place
at The Surrey in New York City, offered Kanagasingham the opportunity, to help upgrade and gain more recognition for the hotel. [ She oversaw ] The Surrey’s redesign, which included updating the spa and adding kitchens to suites for “extended stay” customers
a) Delete the underlined part
b) No change
c) Oversseing
d) She oversees
NO CHANGE
Not delete, because if that, it would be a sentence without subject and verb
(…) the world’s available fresh water. Insects also require far less feed than do [ animals; they] require: a $15 mixture of cat-food, cereal, and powdered milk can feed thousands of bugs for two months. Insects can even consume organic
A. NO CHANGE
B. animals. They require:
C. animals, requiring:
D. animals:
B
C is incorrect, cuz “subject, verb ING” MEANS THAT THIS VERB REFERS TO “insects”, WHICH IS false.
had begun a decade earlier when Whittaker Chambers, [ the man who revealed the evidence on that December evening], decided to defect from the underground Communist party. It was not a decision lightly made
4 At this point, the writer is considering deleting the underlined portion. Should the writer make this deletion?
A. Yes, because this phrase contradicts the characterization of Chambers provided in the introduction.
B. Yes, because this phrase repeats information about the identity of Chambers already provided in the introduction.
C. No, because this phrase helps explain why Chambers decided to defect from the Communist party.
D. No, because this phrase identifies one of the unnamed characters in the introduction as Chambers.
D, the introduction only describes the main character, without mentioning his name. Plus, the “who” is IDENTIFYING someone
[ Women broke traditional gender roles to earn money and make their families proud]. They began working on railroads and streetcars, as engineers and technicians, and in steel mills and lumber yards. By 1943, an additional six million women had entered the workforce. Not only did more women work as new business sectors opened to them, but the composition of the female workforce changed. Before the war, working women were primarily young and single. Middle-aged, married women joined them during the war, almost one out of every four gained employment outside the home. By 1944, 62 percent of the female workforce was 35 and older, and 46 percent of all working women were wedded.
5 Which choice most effectively establishes the main topic of the paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Women seized opportunities to perform jobs in what had traditionally been considered “male” industries.
C. The Rosie campaign did not account for the fact that many women were unable or unwilling to take jobs outside
the home.
D. The Rosie propaganda campaign gave women the opportunity to be married and work.
B
The main shift of the paragraph is women as INDUSTRIES ROLES. There is not any about money and family proud mentioned.
6
Before the war, working women were primarily young
and single. Middle-aged, married women joined [ them during the war,] almost one out of every four gained employment outside the home.
A. NO CHANGE
B. them; during the war—
C. them during the war;
D. them, during the war:
Although the “: “ of D is correct, there should not be a “,” before “during the war”
C
Most people at that time viewed regulations as a hindrance of business[, however,] the molasses lawsuit ended the era of unrestricted..
a) no change
b) in fact
c) but
d) consequentely
however, is not a CONJUCTION. Therefore , however START AN INDEPENDENT sentence. And comma is NOT enough to separate
change “However” to but
Regardless, its current look is a relatively recent development. Visiting Paris two hundred years ago, [ the city would have looked very different.] Until the middle of the nineteenth century, Paris was
characterized by overcrowded conditions and narrow, winding streets.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Paris would have looked very different.
C. the difference in the city would be seen.
D. you would have seen a very different city.
Visiting Paris two hundreds years ago = YOU WOULD have seen…
Paris’s transformation was largely the work of [ one man: Georges-Eugene Haussmann, ] whose official title was Prefect of the Seine Department.
A. NO CHANGE
B. one man; Georges-Eugene Haussmann
C. one man, George-Eugene Haussmann;
D. one man, George-Eugene Haussmann:
A
there should be a COMMA to separate the MAIN phase with the NONESSENTIAL phase, that IDENTIFIES the man
Although a
link between gift price and feelings of appreciation
might seem intuitive to gift-givers, such an
assumption may be unfounded. Indeed, we propose
that gift-recipients will be less inclined to base their
feelings of appreciation on the magnitude of a gift
than givers assume.
The passage indicates that the assumption made by gift-givers in lines 41-44 may be A) insincere. B) unreasonable. C) incorrect. D) substantiated.
b -> it does’nt say that they DON’T KNOW WHY gift-givers think this way
c
Why do gift-givers assume that gift price is closely
linked to gift-recipients’ feelings of appreciation?
Perhaps givers believe that bigger (i.e., more
expensive) gifts convey stronger signals of
thoughtfulness and consideration
convey means :
a) transportation
b) communication
c) shift
b
a) doesn’t means PHYSICALLY move the object
Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; while
we are standing in the crowd watching Coronations
and Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in the
gallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;
let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.
The range of places and occasions listed in
lines 72-76 (“Let us… funerals”) mainly serves to
emphasize how
A) novel the challenge faced by women is.
B) pervasive the need for critical reflection is.
C) complex the political and social issues of the
day are.
D) enjoyable the career possibilities for women are
b)
let us think in varios places- at anytime
Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre for
Space Engineering Research, the event brought
together mining companies, robotics experts, lunar
scientists, and government agencies that are all
working to make space mining a reality.
The forum comes hot on the heels of the
In lines 9-17, the author of Passage 1 mentions
several companies primarily to
A) note the technological advances that make space
mining possible.
B) provide evidence of the growing interest in space
mining.
C) emphasize the large profits to be made from
space mining.
D) highlight the diverse ways to carry out space
mining operations.
A) the technological advances have yet to be created
B)
But before the miners start firing up their rockets,
we should pause for thought. At first glance, space
mining seems to sidestep most environmental
concerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,
and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences
—both here on Earth and in space—merit careful
consideration.
The central claim of Passage 2 is that space mining
has positive potential but
A) it will end up encouraging humanity’s reckless
treatment of the environment.
B) its effects should be thoughtfully considered
before it becomes a reality.
C) such potential may not include replenishing key
resources that are disappearing on Earth.
D) experts disagree about the commercial viability
of the discoveries it could yield
“b
” consequences merit careful consideration”
1 How long does it take to write a chemistry textbook? Now a ubiquitous sight in chemistry classrooms everywhere, 2 the conception of this orderly arrangement of the elements [was due to the nineteenth-century Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev while he was writing a textbook on general chemistry.]
A. NO CHANGE
B. Dmitri Mendeleev, a nineteenth-century Russian chemist, conceived this orderly arrangement
C. the nineteenth-century Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev conceived this orderly arrangement of the elements
D. this orderly arrangement of the elements was conceived by the nineteenth-century Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev
ubiquitous sight is related to the periodic table - the orderly arrangement of the elements Not the man
D
Walker was not only a trailblazer in the medical 11 [ field, she] was also a relentless visionary who bravely challenged many of the social prejudices of her day,
A. NO CHANGE
B. field she
C. field; she
D. field: she
a comma is NOT ENOUGH TO SEPARATE 2 INDEPENDENT clauses
C
She did not hate many things, [ although she disliked the very act of hating things]
a) NO CHANGE
b) except for hate itself
c) except for that very emotion
d) although she hated that emotion
b
9
A. NO CHANGE
B. static: because
C. static because—
D. static, because,
Statements without predictive power are [ static because, ]they cannot be disproven, we cannot move forwards.
Statements without predictive power are [ static = indenpendent clause
because, ]they cannot be disproven, we cannot move forwards. = independent clause
b
Minor parties are able to make use of new media technologies to disseminate information and promote themselves; typically, these new technologies not only provide broader exposure for minor parties but also act as additional channels through which to challenge major opponents and break into the political debate. However, cyber-pessimists argue that a higher number of communication channels does not equate with more democracy. Both minor and major parties tend to approach the Internet in utilitarian terms, using it as a tool to provide information about policies rather than as a new platform for the promotion of interaction and
interorganizational links.
However, political cyber-optimists have criticized cyber- pessimists for being too extreme and maintain that new media might be the decisive element in pushing the
democratic agenda of elections nowadays. For
1) The author implies that cyber-optimists view the use of new media technologies by minor parties as
(A) the only solution to the problem of unfairness in elections.
(B) useful tools that may be dangerous in the wrong hands because of the limited understanding most people have of them.
(C) platforms that have been carefully developed by politicians in order to serve the needs of special interests.
(D) an opportunity to make the electoral process more democratic.
2) Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?
(A) lines 10–12 (“The first . . . exposure”)
(B) lines 12–14 (“Minor . . . themselves”)
(C) lines 18–20 (“However . . . democracy”)
(D) lines 20–24 (“Both . . . links”)
D
(x) “Minor..themselves” = is a broad view, but don’t indicate specifically the cyber views
C
In his new home, Europe found his musical interests shifting from classical music to the mixture of ragtime, blues, and other styles that New York musicians were then experimenting with and [ it would] eventually develop into modern jazz music.
A) NO CHANGE
B) as it would
C) that would
D) DELETE the underlined portion
C
and other styles THAT NY musicians were then experimenting with and THAT would eventually.
! If delete: “eventually develop into modern jazz music. WHO will develop?Since the last subject mentioned is NY musicians, it would infer that is them. BUT, that’s not what the author wants to say
Audiences were captivaed by Europe’s driving rhythms and novel instrumentation, which featured banjos, saxophones, and other instruments [that were unusual in orchestral arrangement]
a) Keep the underlined portion because it expands on the sentences claim that the instrumentation was novel
b) Keep , because it clarifies what is meant by this sentence’s mention of driving rhythms
c) delete, because it introduces an aspect of orchestral arrangements that goes unexplained
d) delete, because it doesn’t logically set up the info about dance bands in the sentence that follows in the paragraph
A
This unsuality needs to indicates that the instruments are NOVEL
“This organization for African American musicians provided rehearsal space, booked venues for [concerts; and crucially] formed a jazz orchestra of more than one hundred members with Europe as its conductor.
a) NO CHANGE
b) concerts,and,crucially,
c) concerts and, crucially
d) concerts and crucially,
A) no, because “;” means “.” We are listing things, it shouldn’t separate entirely these 2 things
B) when we are LISTING , COMMA BEFORE “AND”.
“Crucially” INTERRUPTS the listing things, so we should put COMMA between
As used in line 45, “realism” most nearly means (A) veracity. (B) conformity. (C) practicality. (D) constancy.
time it was chock-full of amino acids.
“It’s important work,” says Christopher McKay, a planetary scientist at NASA Ames Research Center in
[ Moffett Field, Calif. “This is a move toward more realism] in terms of what the conditions were on early Earth.” Most researchers believe that the origin of life depended
A
Conformity - the research didn’t conforms to the standards of the period, it rather made a breakthrough
Yet primitive Earth would have contained iron and carbonate minerals that neutralized nitrites and acids. So Bada added chemicals to the experiment to duplicate these functions.
Bada intends to test this extrapolation by doing experiments with lower- pressure mixes of those gases.
You get a fair amount of amino acids,” he says. “What you don’t get are things like building blocks of nucleic acids.” Meteors, comets or primordial ponds of hydrogen cyanide would still need to provide those molecules.
They were also turning the water acidic which prevents amino acids from forming.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? ( amino acids alone are insufficient for the creation of life on Earth.)
(A) lines 36–37 (“They . . . forming”)
(B) lines 37–39 (“Yet . . . acids”)
(C) lines 58–59 (“What . . . nucleic acids”)
(D) lines 63–65 (“Bada. . . gases”)
C
B) It doesn’t mention the lonely us of aminoacid for creation of life.
“How much longer?” I asked. I wondered now if it wasjust a story Tamara told in her bedroom with the windowpropped open andflies buzzing everywhere.There were always flies and the sour smell of hog drifting in on dustySaturday afternoons.We’d alreadyflipped through shiny magazines andsmelled their thick scent. We’d smeared watermelon polishon our nails for a moment that’d probably never come.Then we rolled the magazines up and slapped at the never-endingflies. Coming out here was the only thing leftto do
It can reasonably be inferred that the time the narrator spends with Tamara on Saturdays generally
is largely focused on completing chores.
involves a great deal of routine.
prevents her from being outside.
consists of her listening to Tamara tell stories.
b) involvers a great deal of routine = ~there were ALWAYS flies~ Already flipped through maganizes, smelled
= They done this routine for a lot of time, every saturday
I am weighing my words when I say that you here, who do your work well in bringing to completion this great[enterprise],will stand exactly as the soldiers of a few, and only a few, of the most famous armies of all the nations stand in history.
Enterprise can also means
a) undertaking
b) business
c) invention
d) establishment
project = undertaking
whoever you are, if you are doing your duty, you are putting your country under an obligation to you just as a soldier who does his work well in a great war puts the country under an obligation to him. As I have seen you at work, seen what you have done and are doing, noted the spirit in which you are approaching the task yet to be done, I have felt just exactly as I should feel if I saw the picked men of my country engaged in some great war. I am weighing my words when I say that you here, who do your work well in bringing to completion this greatenterprise,will stand exactly as the soldiers of a few, and only a few, of the most famous armies of all the nations stand in history.This is one of the great works of the world; it is a greater work than you, yourselves, at the moment realize.Some of you, a good many of you, are sons of men who fought in the Civil War. When your fathers were in the fighting, they thought a good deal of the fact that the blanket was too heavy by noon and not quite heavy enough by night; that the pork was not as good as it might be; and the hardtack was sometimes insufficient in amount; and they were not always satisfied with the way in which the regiments were led.
The main comparison Roosevelt draws between the Civil War and the Panama Canal project is in terms of their
historical significance.
fundamental purpose.
organizational structure.
political motivation.
A
Purpose (x) it didn’t say about the reasons of civil war or panama canal project
whoever you are, if you are doing your duty, you are putting your country under an obligation to you just as a soldier who does his work well in a great war puts the country under an obligation to him. As I have seen you at work, seen what you have done and are doing, noted the spirit in which you are approaching the task yet to be done, I have felt just exactly as I should feel if I saw the picked men of my country engaged in some great war. I am weighing my words when I say that you here, who do your work well in bringing to completion this greatenterprise,will stand exactly as the soldiers of a few, and only a few, of the most famous armies of all the nations stand in history.This is one of the great works of the world; it is a greater work than you, yourselves, at the moment realize.Some of you, a good many of you, are sons of men who fought in the Civil War. When your fathers were in the fighting, they thought a good deal of the fact that the blanket was too heavy by noon and not quite heavy enough by night; that the pork was not as good as it might be; and the hardtack was sometimes insufficient in amount; and they were not always satisfied with the way in which the regiments were led.
The main comparison Roosevelt draws between the Civil War and the Panama Canal project is in terms of their
historical significance.
fundamental purpose.
organizational structure.
political motivation.
A
Purpose (x) it didn’t say about the reasons of civil war or panama canal project
Mr. President, after Mr. Lincoln had been elected President, before he assumed the duties of the office and at the time when all indications were to the effect that we would soon be in the midst of civil strife, a friend from the city of Washington wrote him for instructions. Mr. Lincoln wrote back in a single line, “Entertain no compromise; have none of it.” That states the position Ioccupyat this time and which I have in my humble way occupied from the first contention in regard to this proposal of entering the League of Nations.
In citing the example of President Lincoln, the author of Passage 1 implies that
a) there is a moral and historical precedent for his own inflexibility regarding the League of Nations.
b) President Lincoln was an early critic of the establishment of the League of Nations.
d) the same “civil strife” faced by President Lincoln is being seen again in the aftermath of World War I.
c) he believes President Lincoln would support the League of Nations.
A ~ That states the position Ioccupyat this time and which I have in my humble way occupied FROM THE FIRST CONTENTION in regard to this proposal of entering the League of Nations. The author used the Lincolns` statement just for an ANALOGY
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? `A relationship of neutrality toward friendly and rival nation “
What is the result of all this?A) We are in the midst of all the affairs of Europe].B) We have joined in alliance with all European concerns]. C) We have joined in alliance with all the European nations which have thus far joined the league, and all nations which may be admitted to the league].We are sitting there dabbling in their affairs and intermeddling in their concerns.ID) n other words, Mr. President–and this comes to the question which is fundamental with me–we have forfeited and surrendered, once and for all, the great policy of “no entangling alliances” upon which the strength of this Republic has been founded for 150 years.
A) linhas 17–18
B) linhas 18–19
C) linhas 19–21
D) linhas 22–27
D
Notice that A,B,C is all talking the same thing
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? `A relationship of neutrality toward friendly and rival nation “
What is the result of all this?A) We are in the midst of all the affairs of Europe].B) We have joined in alliance with all European concerns]. C) We have joined in alliance with all the European nations which have thus far joined the league, and all nations which may be admitted to the league].We are sitting there dabbling in their affairs and intermeddling in their concerns.ID) n other words, Mr. President–and this comes to the question which is fundamental with me–we have forfeited and surrendered, once and for all, the great policy of “no entangling alliances” upon which the strength of this Republic has been founded for 150 years.
A) linhas 17–18
B) linhas 18–19
C) linhas 19–21
D) linhas 22–27
D
Notice that A,B,C is all talking the same thing
what objection to his argument the author antecipated it
What the question is asking for
what is the thing that the author will argument against further in the passage
However, political cyber-optimists have criticized cyber-pessimists for being too extreme and maintain that new media might be the decisive element in pushing the democratic agenda of elections nowadays.For instance, based on data published by the Pew Research Center, sixty-six percentage of social media users have participated in at least eight online political activities, such as encouraging people to vote or posting their comments on politics through social media.Thus, Internet voters may shape election campaign agendas to some extent. The fact that Barack Obama obtained an electoral victory following a triumphant grassroots campaign and successful use of social media such as Facebook and MySpace is a case in point.
The author uses the Pew Research Center findings to imply that
Barack Obama’s victory was possible only because of social media usage.
new media users influence real-world political events to some degree.
cyber-optimists take an overly positive stance towards new media.
cyber-pessimists do not understand how new media outlets are used.
a) (x) Thus, Internet voters may shape election campaign agendas to SOME EXTENT. (…) is a case in point = this serves as an example of this statement that was right after the study
b) SOME DEGREE = SOME EXTENT
10) The first area of debate to be considered here is to what extent new media are able to put minor parties on a par with their larger counterparts, in terms of exposure].(12) Minor parties are able to make use of new media technologies to disseminate information and promote themselves];typically, these new technologies not only provide broader exposure for minor parties but also act as additional channels through which to challenge major opponents and break into the political debate.(18) However, cyber-pessimists argue that a higher number of communication channels does not equate with more democracy].
[Both minor and major parties tend to approach the Internet in utilitarian terms, using it as a tool to provide information about policies rather than as a new platform for the promotion of interaction and interorganizational links.]
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question ( The passage implies that cyber-opstimsitic view the use of new media technologies by minor parties are) ?
linhas 10–12 (“The first . . . exposure”)
linhas 12–14 (“Minor . . . themselves”)
linhas 18–19 (“However . . . democracy”)
linhas 20–23 (“Both . . . links”)
b) Although KINDA , PARTIALLY state the previous answer, it DOESN’T INDICATES IF IT WAS STATED BY CYBER-OPSTISMISTIC
C ) However, cyber-pessimists argue that a higher number of communication channels does not equate with more democracy.As stated at the whole passage, cyber-PESSIMISTS are the only OPPOSITE OF OPSTISMISTICS. So, if pessimsit doens’t equate medi with more democracy, opstismistics definitely would
“Do not you see, fellow,” said the high-sheriff of the county, taking the servant aside, “that this is no less a man than the lieutenant-governor? Summon Colonel Pyncheon at once! I know that he received letters from England this morning; and, in the perusal and consideration of them, an hour may have passed away without his noticing it. But he will be ill-pleased, I judge, if you suffer him to neglect the courtesy due to one of our chief rulers, and who may be said to represent King William, in the absence of the governor himself. Call your master instantly.”
The passage’s account of the high sheriff’s behavior primarily serves to
a) add depth to a secondary character.
b) transition from the guests’ arrival to the discovery of the Colonel’s absence.
c) accentuate the gravity of the Colonel’s absence.
d) highlight existing class structures at work within the narrative.
c
who may be said to represent King William, in the absence of the governor himself
Do not you see, fellow,” “that this is no less a man than the lieutenant-governor?
: Social science questions
QUESTION 1 OF 11: CORRECT
Report
SKILL
Reading: Social science
CROSS-TEST OR SUBSCORE CATEGORIESWhat is this?
None
In the first paragraph, the authors note that while leaders’ “we-referencing language” has been previously studied, it has not yet been determined whether that language
Escolha 1 resposta:
was used only in orations delivered by famous leaders.
has contributed to leaders’ success.
made an impact on listeners.
is linked to the “entrepreneur of identity” role that leaders create.
QUESTION 2 OF 11: CORRECT
Report
SKILL
Reading: Social science
CROSS-TEST OR SUBSCORE CATEGORIESWhat is this?
Words in Context
In linha 15
(““great men.””)
, the authors most likely use the phrase “great men” in order to
Escolha 1 resposta:
establish the concept of leaders as exceptional individuals.
emphasize that people prefer a strong, exceptional leader.
evoke the history of politics when leaders were exceptional.
expose the ideal of an exceptional leader in politics as an exaggeration.
QUESTION 3 OF 11: INCORRECT
Report
SKILL
Reading: Social science
CROSS-TEST OR SUBSCORE CATEGORIESWhat is this?
None
The main purpose of the third paragraph (linhas 25–40
(“In this regard, social identity theory asserts that individuals are able to think and act not just as ‘I’ and ‘me’ (in terms of personal identity) but also as ‘we’ and ‘us’ (in terms of social identity). Moreover, it asserts that when people perceive themselves and others in terms of shared social identity, this provides the basis for a range of important group and organizational behaviors. One of these is leadership. In line with this claim, a large body of research has shown that it is leaders’ capacity to be perceived to advance the interests of a social identity that is shared with followers that enables them to secure support for their vision and motivate others to help turn it into reality. Such analysis suggests that leaders are successful not because they demonstrate their individual superiority or because they think and act in terms of ‘I’, but rather because, and to the extent that, they are perceived to think and be acting in terms of the collective ‘we’.”)
) is to
Escolha 1 resposta:
question the validity of the research that has already been done on social identity theory.
explain why using collective language may increase leaders’ chances of success.
describe the differences between supporters of collective language and those of individual language.
outline the concept of social identity theory so that the authors can refer to it later in the passage.
QUESTION 4 OF 11: CORRECT
Report
SKILL
Reading: Social science
CROSS-TEST OR SUBSCORE CATEGORIESWhat is this?
None
The authors suggest that people are more likely to vote for leaders they believe will
keep the promises made on the campaign trail.
be able to shift between personal and social identity.
advocate for a particular group’s interests.
understand that leaders are equal to their constituents.
2) Which choice provides the best support for the answer to the previous question?
linhas 21–24(“This places greater emphasis on the ‘we’ of leadership, and is exemplified by work examining the role that a sense of shared group membership plays in allowing leaders and followers to influence each other.”) (“This . . . other”)
linhas 25–28(“In this regard, social identity theory asserts that individuals are able to think and act not just as ‘I’ and ‘me’ (in terms of personal identity) but also as ‘we’ and ‘us’ (in terms of social identity).”) (“In . . . identity”)
linhas 36–38(“Such analysis suggests that leaders are successful not because they demonstrate their individual superiority or because they think and act in terms of ‘I’,”) (“Such . . . ‘I’)
linhas 38–40(“but rather because, and to the extent that, they are perceived to think and be acting in terms of the collective ‘we’.”) (“but . . . ‘we’)
Reading: Social science This passage is adapted from Niklas K Steffens and S. Alexander Haslam, “Power Through ‘Us.’” © 2013 Public Library of Science. Linha 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Início do trecho de leitura. The oratory of great political leaders has been subjected to meticulous analysis by psychologists, linguists, political scientists, and historians. This research observes that these leaders tend to use distinct rhetorical strategies. For example, research suggests that successful leaders act as entrepreneurs of identity such that their speeches serve to cultivate a sense of ‘us’ that is shared with potential followers. However, prior research has not established whether political leaders' use of such strategies is actually related to their ability to secure follower endorsement. Here we examine whether successful candidates in national general elections make greater use of “we-referencing language” than their losing counterparts. In line with common media portrayals, classical leadership research generally focuses on the (extraordinary) traits and capabilities of individual leaders as “great men.” In these terms, leaders are understood to be superior beings who succeed because they are different to, and better than, other more ordinary mortals. However, more recent research has shifted focus away from the leader as a great ‘I’ by stressing the importance of followers and the group as a whole to the leadership process. This places greater emphasis on the ‘we’ of leadership, and is exemplified by work examining the role that a sense of shared group membership plays in allowing leaders and followers to influence each other. In this regard, social identity theory asserts that individuals are able to think and act not just as ‘I’ and ‘me’ (in terms of personal identity) but also as ‘we’ and ‘us’ (in terms of social identity). Moreover, it asserts that when people perceive themselves and others in terms of shared social identity, this provides the basis for a range of important group and organizational behaviors. One of these is leadership. In line with this claim, a large body of research has shown that it is leaders' capacity to be perceived to advance the interests of a social identity that is shared with followers that enables them to secure support for their vision and motivate others to help turn it into reality. Such analysis suggests that leaders are successful not because they demonstrate their individual superiority or because they think and act in terms of ‘I’, but rather because, and to the extent that, they are perceived to think and be acting in terms of the collective ‘we’. Speaking to these claims, empirical evidence indicates that leaders’ increased social identification with a collective (i.e., the degree to which they have internalized the collective as part of their sense of self) is positively related to followers' favorable reactions to them. Along similar lines, experimental studies have shown that when leaders use more we-referencing language followers are more likely to see them as charismatic. Consistent with the idea that we-referencing language proves helpful to leaders outside the laboratory, there is also evidence that in the United States over the last two centuries references to the collective entities ‘we’, ‘people’ and ‘America’ have increased substantially in both State of the Union and Presidential inaugural addresses. However, prior research that has explored these ideas has tended to hone in selectively on exceptional addresses or on the oratory of particularly successful leaders (e.g., those in high political office). As a result, it is unclear whether we-referencing language is something that is broadly associated with, and predictive of, leaders' future success. More generally, it is unclear exactly how widespread such strategies are and there are questions about whether effects produced in laboratory studies of undergraduate students are applicable to the cut-and-thrust of leadership in the world at large. In order to address these lacunae*, we sought to discover whether there is any more compelling evidence that political leaders' use of collective pronouns has a concrete bearing on their success. One resource that we identified as having the potential to prove useful for this purpose is recently released digitized transcripts of all the official campaign speeches made by leaders of the two major political parties for all general elections held in Australia since the creation of the Federal Parliament in 1901. This provided us with an opportunity to examine whether leaders' use of we-referencing (vs. I-referencing) language was a predictor of subsequent election victory. Whereas classical leadership models might lead one to expect that leaders who communicate a strong sense of their personal identity (through references to ‘I’ and ‘me’) would be more successful, the social identity approach leads us to predict that success would be more likely to follow from leaders' invocation of shared group identity in their speeches (through their use of ‘we’ and ‘us’). Início das notas de rodapé da leitura. *lacunae: unfilled spaces or gaps Fim do trecho de leitura.
In order to address these lacunae*, we sought to discover whether there is any more compelling evidence that political leaders’ use of collective pronouns has a concrete bearing on their success. One resource that we identified as having the potential to prove useful for this purpose is recently released digitized transcripts of all the official campaign speeches made by leaders of the two major political parties for all general elections held in Australia since the creation of the Federal Parliament in 1901. This provided us with an opportunity to examine whether leaders’ use of we-referencing (vs. I-referencing) language was a predictor of subsequent election victory. Whereas classical leadership models might lead one to expect that leaders who communicate a strong sense of their personal identity (through references to ‘I’ and ‘me’) would be more successful, the social identity approach leads us to predict that success would be more likely to follow from leaders’ invocation of shared group identity in their speeches (through their use of ‘we’ and ‘us’).
Início das notas de rodapé da leitura.
*lacunae: unfilled spaces or gaps
How does the last paragraph primarily contribute to the passage as a whole?
a) It reveals how the authors’ research team arrived at a conclusion that was unexpected.
b) It explains why one set of data is uniquely suited to answer a question raised earlier in the passage.
c) It addresses the use of a resource that was dismissed earlier in the passage.
d) It resolves a series of questions about language that the authors raised earlier in the passage.
b
” in order to adress these lacunaes” “ one resource that…. digitized transcripts”
The question of human overpopulation and its relationship to human carrying capacity has been controversial for over two centuries. [ In 1798 the Reverend Thomas Malthus put forward the hypothesis that population growth would exceed the growth of resources, leading to the periodic reduction of human numbers by either “positive checks”, such as disease, famine, and war, or “preventive checks”, by which (in the absence of contraception) Malthus meant restrictions on marriage] . [This “Malthusian view” was rapidly accepted by most politicians, demographers, and the general public, and remained popular until fairly recently.]
[Malthus’s worst fears were not borne out through the century following his death in 1834—food production largely kept pace with the slowly growing global population.] [ However, soon after 1934, the global population began to rise steeply as antibiotics, vaccines, and technology increased life expectancy.]
The author implies that Reverend Thomas Malthus was influential because he
a) correctly predicted the future outcomes of global overpopulation.
b) developed a convincing framework for examining the balance between population growth and resources.
c) was right about a potential lack of food even though he was wrong about overpopulation.
d) invited controversial debates regarding population control and its risks.
b “ hypothesis “ = convicing framework
In 1798 the Reverend Thomas Malthus put forward the hypothesis that population growth would exceed the growth of resources, leading to the periodic reduction of human numbers by either “positive checks”, such as disease, famine, and war, or “preventive checks”, by which (in the absence of contraception) Malthus meant restrictions on marriage
d) the man didn’t made debate
. The latter shows that while the conglomeration of “Plains culture” may have been a product of merging new ideas with old, combined with cultural interchange between groups, the details of what was accepted, rejected or elaborated in each case reflected pre-existing ideological biases. Although culture may sometimes be a “melting pot,” the analyses show that even in highly fluid situations, cultural [mosaics ]may be indirectly shaped by historical factors that are not always obvious.
The word “mosaic” (linha 21) primarily serves to
a) provide an image to contrast with a commonly-used metaphor.
b) creatively illustrate the ways in which Great Plains tribes have shared a common culture.
c) characterize the artistic traditions shared by Great Plains tribes.
d) sarcastically comment on the Great Plains tribes’ history of conflict.
a
“ ALTHOUGH culture may BE A MELTING POT ( this is the metaphor), (…) cultural MOSAICS…
1) That means that a new transit system has to be backed up by something that impels complementary reductions in car use—say,
the physical elimination of traffic lanes or the conversion of existing roadways into bike or bus lanes, ideally in combination with higher fuel taxes, parking fees, and tolls
-2) That tolerance has grown in recent decades, and not just in the United States, but it isn’t unlimited, and even people who don’t seem to mind spending half their day in a car eventually
reach a point where, finally, enough is enough
3). If, in a misguided effort to do something of environmental value,
municipalities take steps that make long-distance car commuting faster or more convenient—by adding lanes, building bypasses, employing traffic-control measures that make it possible for existing roads to
accommodate more cars with fewer delays, replacing tollbooths with radio-based systems that don’t require drivers even to slow down—we actually make the sprawl problem worse.
4) Moving drivers out of cars and into other forms of transportation can have the same effect, if existing traffic lanes are kept in service: road space begets road use
Based on the passage, how would the author most
likely characterize many attempts to improve traffic?
A) They are doomed to fail because most people like
driving too much to change their habits.
B) They overestimate how tolerant people are of
long commutes.
C) They are well intentioned but ultimately lead to
environmental harm.
D) They will only work if they make driving more
economical and productive
4)
A: NOT MENTIONED at all about changing habits
B: wrong part
C: AT LEAST mentioned about environment. Besides, “ If, in a misguided effort to do something of environmental value,”
D: totally contrasted
1) In the early 1990s, textbooks acknowledged that humans had slow-conducting nerves, but asserted that those nerves only responded to two types of Line stimuli: pain and temperature.
2) Sensations of pressure and vibration were believed to travel only along myelinated, fast-signaling nerve fibers, which also give information about location
3) blocking slow fibers only seemed to reduce sensitivity to warmth or a small painful shock.
Based on the passage, textbook authors in the early
1990s would most likely have expected which
condition to result from the blocking of fast fibers?
A) The rate at which other nerve fibers fired would
increase.
B) The test subject would perceive gentle stimuli as
painful.
C) The body would compensate by using slow fibers
to sense pressure.
D) The ability to perceive vibrations would be
impaired
d - Sensations of pressure and vibration were believed to travel only along myelinated, fast-signaling nerve fibers, which also give information about location
3) “ SLOW” fibers
1) Using a technique called microneurography, in which a fine filament is inserted into a single nerve to capture its electrical impulses, the scientists were able to measure how quickly—or slowly—the nerves
fired.
2) They showed that soft stroking prompted two different signals, one immediate and one delayed.
3) The delay, Olausson explains, means that the signal from a gentle touch on the forearm will reach the brain about a half second later.
Which conclusion is best supported by the findings
of Olausson’s 1993 experiment?
A) Stimulation at bodily extremities can be sensed
as rapidly as stimulation closer to the brain.
B) The presence of hairs in human skin lessens the
speed with which nerves conduct signals.
C) Gentle pressure is sensed not only by fast fibers
but also by slow fibers.
D) The speed at which a nerve fires is dependent on
the strength of pressure applied to the nerve.
B) Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 22-26 (“Using... fired”) B) Lines 26-28 (“They... delayed”) C) Lines 28-30 (“The delay... later”) D) Lines 37-38 (“Then... fibers”)
C: delayed and immediately fibers (B)
But why exactly humans might have such fibers, which respond only to a narrow range of rather subtle stimuli, was initially mystifying. Unlike other
types of sensory nerves, CT fibers could be found only in hairy human skin—such as the forearm and thigh. No amount of gentle stroking of hairless skin, such as the palms and soles of the feet, prompted similar activity signatures. Olausson and his colleagues decided that these fibers must be conveying a different dimension of sensory
information than fast-conducting fibers
The sentence in lines 43-45 (“But… mystifying”)
serves mainly to
A) identify factors that Olausson had previously
failed to consider.
B) propose a solution to a dilemma encountered by
Olausson.
C) anticipate a potential criticism of Olausson by
the reader.
D) show a problem from the perspective of
Olausson’s team.
A) Incorrect for 1 TERM
“factors = conditions” -> doesn’t indentify the conditions
D
To address the question, Olausson’s group sought out a patient known as G.L. who had an unusual nerve defect. More than 2 decades earlier, she had developed numbness across many parts of her body
after taking penicillin to treat a cough and fever. Testing showed that she had lost responsiveness to pressure, and a nerve biopsy confirmed that G.L.’s quick-conducting fibers were gone, resulting in an inability to sense any pokes, prods, or pinpricks below her nose. But she could still sense warmth, suggesting that her slow-conducting unmyelinated fibers were intact
The main purpose of the sixth paragraph
(lines 64-75) is to
A) identify those of G.L.’s neurological conditions
that might be relieved by the experiment.
B) contextualize the nerve function of G.L. by
comparing it with that of other adults.
C) detail procedures that G.L. had experienced
during previous experiments.
D) indicate why G.L.’s medical condition was of
value to Olausson’s experiment.
A) the G.L issue wasn’t releaved by the exp.
B) It didn’t compare with other adults
C) It doesn’t detailed procedures during previous ( previous exp didn’t have this condition)
Only left D
person x object to his argument means
person x DISAGREES with his
Spaulding agreed that there was a need for appealing
books for beginning [ readers. He] thought he knew
who should write one.
Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion? A) readers, and he B) readers—namely, he C) readers; and Spaulding D) readers, and meanwhile he
B) namely => restatement of previous point or will proivde and example
C) no need to mention tha name again
D) meanwhile is redudant, since “and” already indicates he’s thinking another thing simultaneously
A
ome studies have also found that students
who do community service are more likely to volunteer
as adults, and thus [effect ]society positively over the
course of many years.
A) NO CHANGE
B) affect
C) effecting
D) affects
B -> TO VOLUNTEER parallels with TO AFFECT
EFFECT X AFFECT
result x influence
She found
that students who were required to volunteer rushed to
complete their service hours in early high [school,
they then] did significantly less regular volunteer work in
the twelfth grade
A) NO CHANGE
B) school; they then,
C) school. They, then
D) school; they then
CAN’T separate verb and adverb too
D
Scientists [are long believing] that this structure enables complex tasks by
sequestering skilled movement to a single hemisphere
without sacrificing coordination betwe
A) NO CHANGE
B) will long be believing
C) have long believed
D) long believe
C) only choice that indicates that the belief started in the past and continued ot the present
However, a recent finding of
handedness in marsupials suggests that a [trait other]
than the presence of a corpus callosum links as
handedness: bipedalism.
A) NO CHANGE
B) trait,
C) trait;
D) trait:
DON’T need to separate the VERB with “Other than”
The bipeds, on the other hand, are far less arboreal, leaving their forelimbs relatively free for tasks in [whom] handedness may
confer an evolutionary advantage
A) NO CHANGE
B) which
C) what
D) whose
B) we want to correlate with the concept -> which
According to a 2014 report from the Society for
Human Resource Management, 54 percent of surveyed
companies provide tuition assistance to employees
pursuing an undergraduate degree, and 50 percent do so
for employees working toward a graduate degree.
[Despite these findings,] more companies should
consider helping employees pay for education because
doing so helps increase customer satisfaction and
improve the quality of the companies’ business.
Which choice provides the most effective transition
from the previous sentence to the information that
immediately follows in this sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) In addition to the 2014 report,
C) Although these levels are impressive,
D) Whether they want to or not
B) the following info is not adding info to the 2014 report
C
A and D ) infer that the levels are REGARDLESS
It is easy to imagine how such finely tuned maneuvers could be influenced by laterality. One might predict, for example, that the stability and the cohesion of a fish school are preserved if all the fishes tend to swim in the same direction. Alternatively, perhaps schools are best comprised of a range of lateralized individuals that prefer to take up different locations within the school.
range could be replaced by
a) assortment
b) selection
c) scope
alternatively - indicates something opposing to previous sentence .
So, if preivous sentence say that there is a SIMILARITY in the fish school, then the range of lateralized individuals would have a DIFFERENCE - > A
Assrotmenet = a variety, mix of things
Laterality has been extensively studied using fish as model organisms. a [A large number of fish species form schools (a cohesive group of fish that swim in polarized and synchronized manner) ] or shoals (a loose social aggregation of fish). Group cohesion provides advantages by enhancing foraging success and anti-predator behaviors.
b [It is easy to imagine how such finely tuned maneuvers could be influenced by laterality]. One might predict, for example, that the stability and the cohesion of a fish school are preserved if all the fishes tend to swim in the same direction. Alternatively, perhaps schools are best comprised of a range of lateralized individuals that prefer to take up different locations within the school.
The author implies that fish schools are the best sample for laterality studies because it could explain behaviors of individuals that affect the whole group
which part best explain this answer
A) It only explain how a fish school function
B)
say the meanings of each world below
a) underscore
b) tentative:
c) stance
dAnomaly
e) the person contends
f) advance a view
g) overlooks:
a) highlights
b) n opinion that is not firmly established yet
c) position that someone takes on a issue
d) a situation or data point that differs from what we`ve expected based on past experience
e) states
f) support a view
g) ignore
Some argue that the music of the 1990s differs from [the 2000s ]in that the latter contains more voice enhancements.
a) no change
b) that of the 2000s
c) those of the 2000s
d) in the 2000s
B
logically compares the music of the 1990s with that ( the music) of the 2000s
Lady Carlotta stepped out on to the platform of
the small wayside station and took a turn or two up
and down its uninteresting length, to kill time till the
train should be pleased to proceed on its way.
In line 2, “turn” most nearly means A) slight movement. B) change in rotation. C) short walk. D) course correction
RESTATEMENT to discover the meaning
“and [took] a turn or two up
and down its uninteresting length,”
b) it seems obvious to be change in rotation -> but we have two up and down its uninteresting length. It is not a simple rotation, neither change.
c) short -> lenght; walk -> turn two up and down
The passage most clearly implies that other people regarded Lady Carlotta as A) outspoken. B) tactful. C) ambitious. D) unfriendly.
Lady Carlotta promptly betook her to the roadway, and put rather a
different complexion on the struggle. Certain of her
acquaintances were wont to give her plentiful
admonition as to the undesirability of interfering on
behalf of a distressed animal, such interference being
“none of her business.” Only once had she put the
doctrine of non-interference into practice, when one
of its most eloquent exponents had been be
!VOCAB
a) outspoken = open to express his opinion
It’s the only word that closely refers to someone likes to help/ interefere others’ business
d) contradicts the characther
” Only once had she put the
doctrine of non-interference into practice, when one
of its most eloquent exponents had been besieged for
nearly three hours in a small and extremely
uncomfortable may-tree by an angry boar-pig, while
Lady Carlotta, on the other side of the fence, had
proceeded with the water-colour sketch she was
engaged on, and refused to interfere between the
boar and his prisoner.
The description of how Lady Carlotta “put the
doctrine of non-interference into practice”
(lines 14-15) mainly serves to
A) foreshadow her capacity for deception.
B) illustrate the subtle cruelty in her nature.
C) provide a humorous insight into her character.
D) explain a surprising change in her behavior
In SAT, humour doesn’t means to be funny. It means to state/ happen something unexpected , knowing one’s characther
C
d) the text didn’t EXPLAIN the behavior of the Lady, it didn’t say how or why the behaviors
The narrator indicates that Claude, Wilfrid, Irene,
and Viola are
A) similar to many of their peers.
B) unusually creative and intelligent.
C) hostile to the idea of a governess.
D) more educated than others of their age.
During the drive to the Quabarl mansion
Lady Carlotta was impressively introduced to the
nature of the charge that had been thrust upon her;
she learned that Claude and Wilfrid were delicate,
sensitive young people, that Irene had the artistic
temperament highly developed, and that Viola was something or other else of a mould equally commonplace among children of that class and type in the twentieth century.
“other else of a mould equally commonplace among children of that class and type in the twentieth century.” = A
As used in line 7, “challenged” most nearly means A) dared. B) required. C) disputed with. D) competed with.
So when a
group of graduate students challenged him
to come up with new data on the age-old
ground-up-tree-down debate, he designed a project
to see what clues might lie in how baby game birds
learned to fly
B) required means someone who has more autority and require a student/ kid/employee to accomplish some work/task
A
It can be inferred that the authors of Passage 1
believe that running a household and raising
children
A) are rewarding for men as well as for women.
B) yield less value for society than do the roles
performed by men.
C) entail very few activities that are difficult or
unpleasant.
D) require skills similar to those needed to run a
country or a business.
1) Is it not apparent, that their delicate constitutions, their peaceful inclinations, and the many duties of motherhood, set them apart from
strenuous habits and onerous duties, and summon
them to gentle occupations and the cares of the
home?
2) And is it not evident that the great conserving
principle of Societies, which makes the division of
powers a source of harmony, has been expressed and
revealed by nature itself, when it divided the
functions of the two sexes in so obviously distinct a
manner?
1) evidence
a) untrained test-takers would pick this choice. It could be great to men, BUT the men don’t practice these tasks to feel rewarding
D) no where mentions about to run a country and bsnss
B) there is no mention of men’s roles
B ) strenuous and onerous = activity that needs a lot of mental and physical effort
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A honeybee diet that includes pyrethrums results
in honeybee colonies that are more resistant to
mite infestations.
A) Lines 3-5 (“These mites… viruses”)
B) Lines 16-18 (“In fact… cream”)
C) Lines 19-21 (“We suspect… deficient”)
D) Lines 24-28 (“Without… bees”)
C) We suspect that the bees of commercial bee
colonies which are fed mono-crops are nutritionally
deficient.
D) Without, at least, intermittent feeding on
the pyrethrum producing plants, bee colonies are
susceptible to mite infestations which can become
fatal either directly or due to a secondary infection of
immunocompromised or nutritionally deficient bees
C) it didn’t mention pyrethrum, and the focus were mono-crops
D
In Passage 1, Beecher implies that women’s effect on
public life is largely
A) overlooked, because few men are interested in
women’s thoughts about politics.
B) indirect, because women exert their influence
within the home and family life.
C) unnecessary, because men are able to govern
society themselves.
D) symbolic, because women tend to be more
idealistic about politics than men are.
A man may act on society by the collision of
intellect, in public debate; he may urge his measures
by a sense of shame, by fear and by personal interest;
he may coerce by the combination of public
sentiment; he may drive by physical force, and he
does not outstep the boundaries of his sphere. But all
the power, and all the conquests that are lawful to
woman, are those only which appeal to the kindly,
generous, peaceful and benevolent principles.
Woman is to win every thing by peace and love;
by making herself so much respected, esteemed and
loved, that to yield to her opinions and to gratify her
wishes, will be the free-will offering of the heart. But
this is to be all accomplished in the domestic and
social circle. There let every woman become so
cultivated and refined in intellect, that her taste and
judgment will be respected; so benevolent in feeling
and action; that her motives will be reverenced;—so
unassuming and unambitious, that collision and
competition will be banished;—so “gentle and easy to
be entreated,” as that every heart will repose in her
presence; then, the fathers, the husbands, and the
sons, will find an influence thrown around them,
to which they will yield not only willingly but
proudly..
B
. But
this is to be ALL ACCOMPLISHED in the domestic and
social circle.
But it was designed that the mode of
gaining influence and of exercising power should be
altogether different and [peculiar.] …
A) eccentric
B) distinctive
C) infrequent
D)surprising
B = PARTICULAR
“They retain their moral authority regardless of
whether they are recognized by law.”
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Human beings have rights, because they are moral
beings: the rights of all men grow out of their moral
nature; and as all men have the same moral nature,
they have essentially the same rights
B) These rights
may be wrested from the slave, but they cannot be
alienated: his title to himself is as perfect now, as is
that of Lyman Beecher: it is stamped on his moral
being, and is, like it, imperishable.
C) To
suppose that it does, would be to break up utterly the
relations, of the two natures, and to reverse their
functions, exalting the animal nature into a monarch,
and humbling the moral into a slave; making the
former a proprietor, and the latter its property
D) When human beings are regarded as moral
beings, sex, instead of being enthroned upon the
summit, administering upon rights and
responsibilities, sinks into insignificance and
nothingness
B ;
A) focused more in stating that all man have SAME moral rights
B) imperishable -> enduring -> ‘ regardless of the time , law, the moral being is there
when these appear in answer choices, they mean:
a) proposal
b) relantionship of thing x and thing y
a solution; proposal IS DIFFERENT with claim
b) there are differences, but not necessarily one is better than the other
As used in line 14, “simple” most nearly means
A) straightforward.
B) modest.
C) unadorned.
D) easy.
Conventional industrial agriculture has become
incredibly efficient on a simple land to food basis.
A
B) modest = humble, tolerable , moderate
c) unadorned = undecorated, plain
” Environmentalists think that Conventional Agriculture produces inferior fruits and vegetables and is
detrimental to the environment.”
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
Of course, that’s not how most environmentalists
regard their arugula [a leafy green].
They have embraced organic food as better for the planet—and
healthier and tastier, too—than the stuff produced by
agricultural corporations
Environmentalists disdain the enormous amounts of energy needed and waste created by conventional farming, while organic
practices—forgoing artificial fertilizers and chemical
pesticides—are considered far more sustainable
as better for the planet -> good for environment
healthier and tastier -> good nutrition
As used in line 85, “boost” most nearly means A) increase. B) accelerate. C) promote. D) protect
Will companies be able to boost their products by
manipulating online ratings on a massive scale?
a) it could be. But, increase, you need to put a subject like “sales” to not what is the context
While, C) promote doesn’t
As used in line 39, “matched” most nearly means A) comparable. B) identical. C) distinguishable. D) competing.
The researchers put both the mental athletes and a
group of matched control subjects into MRI scanners
and asked them to memorize three-digit numbers,
black-and-white photographs of people’s faces, and
magnified images of snowfl
when you do experiment, you’re COMPARING a control group with a non- control groupd
The passage most strongly suggests that mental
athletes are successful at memorization because they
A) exploit parts of the brain not normally used in
routine memorization.
Surprisingly, when the mental athletes were
learning new information, they were engaging
several regions of the brain known to be involved in
two specific tasks: visual memory and spatial
navigation, including the same right posterior
hippocampal region that the London cabbies had
enlarged with all their daily way-finding
.
At first glance, this wouldn’t seem to make any sense
Maguire and her team asked the mental athletes
to describe exactly what was going through their
minds as they memorized
They weren’t doing this automatically, or
because it was an inborn talent they’d nurtured since
childhood.
A
D) might be, but there weren’t mentioning of practice and repetition.
The questions in lines 74-78 primarily serve to
A) raise doubts about the reliability of the
conclusions reached by Maguire.
B) emphasize and elaborate on an initially puzzling
result of Maguire’s study of mental athletes.
C) imply that Maguire’s findings undermine earlier
studies of the same phenomenon.
D) introduce and explain a connection between
Maguire’s two studies and her earlier work.
Why would mental athletes be conjuring images in
their mind’s eye when they were trying to learn
three-digit numbers? Why should they be navigating
like London cabbies when they’re supposed to be
remembering the shapes of snowflakes?
questions = puzzling
B
I was aware that Sempere knew a few authors who
frequented his establishment and, judging by the care
with which he handled the volume, I thought
perhaps this Mr. Dickens was one of them.
“A friend of yours?”
“A lifelong friend. And from now on, he’s your
friend too.
the word “friend” is used twice in lines 57-58 to
A) underline the importance of the narrator’s
connection to Sempere.
B) stress how friendships helped the narrator deal
with his difficult home situation.
C) emphasize the emotional connection Sempere
feels to reading.
D) imply that the narrator’s sentiments caused him
to make an irrational decision.
notice that besides C, all the choices are focusing on the relantionship btw Sempere and the narrator
the “friend” is referring to the book that Sempere is giving the narrator, so the relantionship is btw the friend ( book) and Sempere C
Not unexpectedly, the statistical strength of the findings made a huge difference in whether they were ever published. Overall, 42% of the experimenT
A) attribution
b) exertion
c) toughness
d) significance
these datas were IMPORTANT -> SIGNIFICANT
e and others note that the bias against null
studies can waste time and money when researchers devise new studies replicating strategies already found to be ineffective. Worse, if researchers publish significant results from similar experiments in the future, they could look stronger than they should because the earlier null studies are ignored. Even more troubling to Malhotra was the fact that two scientists whose initial studies “didn’t work out” went on to publish results based on a smaller sample.
“The non-TESS version of the same study, in which we used a student sample, did yield fruit,” noted one investigator.
1) The passage indicates that a problem with failing to document null results is that
A) the results of related studies will be misleading.
B) researchers may overlook promising areas of study.
C) mistakes in the collection of null results may be overlooked.
D) the bias against null results will be disregarded.
2) Based on the passage, to which of the following hypothetical situations would Malhotra most strongly object?
A) A research team refuses to publish null results in anything less than a top journal.
B) A research team excludes the portion of data that produced null results when reporting its results in a journal.
C) A research team unknowingly repeats a study that produced null results for another
research team.
D) A research team performs a follow-up study that expands the scope of an initial study that produced null results.
1) [ the FAILING to doc null RESULT ] Worse, if researchers publish significant results from similar experiments in the future, they could look stronger THAN THEY SHOULD because the earlier null studies are ignored A
2) [ what MANTROHA OBJECTS ]
Even MORE TROUBLING TO MANTROHA was the fact that two scientists whose initial studies “didn’t work out” went on to publish results based on a smaller sample.
B
report its results in a journal = publish
delete a small portion = based on smaller sample
The use of the phrases “dawdling insect” (line 6),
“happily meanders” (line 27), and “unassuming bug’s
encounter” (lines 28-29) in the first two paragraphs
establishes a tone that is
A) academic.
B) melodramatic.
C) informal.
D) mocking
Dionaea only wants to spring closed when it’s sure
that the dawdling insect visiting its surface is large
enough to be worth its time
the text is scientific - should use formal language.
but, these words are INFORMAL
MELODRAMATIC = OVER dramatic
As used in line 67, “demonstrated” most nearly means A) protested. B) established. C) performed. D) argued.
Subsequent research supports this model.
Alexander Volkov and his colleagues at Oakwood
University in Alabama first demonstrated that it is
indeed electricity that causes the Venus flytrap to
close.
demonstrated in this context = proved something = established
Mr. Lincoln likens that bond of the Federal
Constitution, joining Free and Slave States together,
to a house divided against itself, and says that it is
contrary to the law of God, and cannot stand.
When did he learn, and by what authority does he
proclaim, that this Government is contrary to the law
of God and cannot stand? It has stood thus divided
into Free and Slave States from its organization up to
this day. During that period we have increased from
four millions to thirty millions of people; we have
extended our territory from the Mississippi to the
Pacific Ocean; …. we have increased in population,
in wealth, and in power beyond any example on
earth; we have risen from a weak and feeble power to
become the terror and admiration of the civilized
world; and all this has been done under a
Constitution which Mr. Lincoln, in substance, says is
in violation of the law of God; and under a Union
divided into Free and Slave States, which Mr. Lincoln
thinks, because of such division, cannot stand.
In the first paragraph of Passage 1, the main purpose
of Douglas’s discussion of the growth of the territory
and population of the United States is to
A) provide context for Douglas’s defense of
continued expansion.
B) suggest that the division into free and slave states
does not endanger the Union.
C) imply that Lincoln is unaware of basic facts
concerning the country.
D) account for the image of the United States as
powerful and admirable.
Mr. Lincoln likens that bond of the Federal
Constitution, joining Free and Slave States together,
to a house divided against itself, and says that it is
contrary to the law of God, and cannot stand.
It has stood thus divided
into Free and Slave States from its organization up to
this day. During that period we have increased from
four millions to thirty millions of people; …
B
—but the state ought not to be
considered as nothing better than a partnership
agreement in a trade of pepper and coffee, calico or
tobacco, or some other such low concern, to be taken
up for a little temporary interest, and to be dissolved
by the fancy of the parties
low mostly means
a) petty
b) weak
c) depleted
d) inadequated
low concern = no need to concern that much -> insignificant
a
