Grammar Flashcards
When we don’t need to use article ( normally)
- Uncountable nouns ( get me milk pls )
- plural noun
- 1 word country ( Russia, Brazil ; The United States , The United Kingdom)
- Abstract nouns ; general thing ( information / the information ( if you are specific info from Wikipedia for example )
When we are talking on the first time , the article is _____. And for the 2a time , is ____
A; the
Going through __ ( the/a/ nothing) customs
I’m applying to ___ graduate school
Nothing
Nothing
Because is saying about a idea , general establishment
One of the ____ ( in plural/ in singular ) . Is obligated
Plural
Even though and but -
Cant use at the same time
I THINK we SHOULD NOT listen it
Correct it
I DON’T THINK we SHOULD listen it
Apostrophe, which is __, is used when we want to express ___ or __- or __
’ . Possession or contraction or plural of single words
When to use “its” and it’s
its: to express possession
it’s : it has the same meaning with “it has “ or it is
when the noun before Apostrophe, is plural, the position of the apostrophe is :
Sisters’s ( plural)
Sister’s ( singular
Which pronouns does not need an apostrophe, because already has
His, Theirs, mine, hers
Which type of verb you can use with “As well as”, “In addition”
ING verbs
YET as :
1) Adverb
2) You don’t want to continue but is still occurring
3) Conjunction
4) Emphasizes
1) Time; Present perfect; End: She has not studied yet.
2) We didn’t have done our task yet
3) Contrast ; the people didn’t like it , AND YET, bought all of it .
4) The cook arrived with YET ANOTHER plate of cake.
The printer’s broken downYET AGAIN !
YET AS
1) it will happen but still didn’t started
2) so far ; it expects to happen but didn’t started
5) Have yet to, ]; The price of the tickets has yet to be decided
6) As yet; The AS OF YET untitled show will feature various celebrities showing viewers around their hometowns.
Bush is said not to have read the report in full as of yet, according to the statement.
For most of the people
Right after graduating
The exam has candidates with over 30 years old
F; For MOST PEOPLE
V; right after graduate (x)
F; has candidates OVER 30 YEARS old
2 prepositions with “links” _
with; to
Preposition with “Likely” __
likely to
Use preposition ___ with “think” when you are CONSIDERING
Use prep___ when it COMES TO YOUR MIND
Think ABOUT of doing something
I always think OF you;
Only the conjunction ___ can links compounds words ;
Other conjunctions like : Can’t , needs to be ___ ___
And
As well as , along with both , along with , together with - Between comma and subject Singular
She bought : pen, sugar, milk and yogurt ( place “,” )
Milk, and yogurt
Or just milk and yogurt
! You should choose only1 type to write your entire essay
But / or place “,” in
Before ; The scholarship covers commodities, college tax , but not food
Neither / either needs comma ? Justify
And if they are use with ____,
No, because is talking only about 2 things ; neither A or B
Neither A, B, non C
1a clause + verb + phase
Ex: The internet allow the consumers to research before making a purchase AND ENSURES that they have the best information
Needs a comma ? Why
No ; Because the 2a phase doesn’t have Subject - x a compound sentence
The internet gives users info AND USERS give internet companies data
Need comma ? Why
Yes ; because there are 2 Subjects - 2 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES / DIFFERENT clauses(2a constrast the 1a for ex) - ✔️comma
He offered and accepted ; need a comma ? Why
Opcional; But is NOT necessary
The concert will have the artists like : James , the youngest singer of the world , Bryan, the winner of last Grammy , and Lily, the mom of pop songs .
What it need to correct?
Replace comma with ; to Separate the diferents items
(…)of the world ; Bryan , the winner of last Grammy ; and Lily, the mom
When you are writing of a list of different items , it can be separate with ___, along with (3 conjunctions)
, . And / but / not
Its is for __ subjects
singular
Who x Whom
Who : x preposition ; SUBJECT pronoun
Whom: preposition ( from whom) ; OBJECT pronoun
Possessive pronoun for “ person” ; Someone
Their
TheirS - for plural
When do we need to use Comma
- different subjects
- x identifying
- x essential
- x restrictive (since when its restrictive, its essential)
- Separate independent clause
The man who i lives next door is a doctor
Do we need a comma? Why
No , because “ who lives next …” is essential to know who is the man
That ___ comma
Which __ comma
That don’t have comma
Which need comma
Of the various solutions that have been proposed Senator Green’s is the most famous
Any country treaty member or not that wants to give a speech may submit a request no later than 6months in advance
Put the , and justify
Of the various solution that have been proposed ,Senator….
“THAT have been proposed” - x comma , it’s essential
“Senator Green’s is the..” - INDEPENDENT clause
Any country , treaty member or not , ( is a non essential info ) that wants to give …( x need comma with that )
The responsible students some of whom admitted that it was they who vandalized the school statue garter video footage was shown to them will be expelled immediately
Students , some of whom … was shown to them, will be expelled immediately.
“ the responsible students Will be expelled immediately “ - Independent Clause
All of info between is Explaining , identifying
The plot of the novel the central focus of which was the hero’s transformation become famous
Put , and what “of which “ is referring to
The plot of the novel, central focus of which was the hero’s transformation, become famous
Of which refers to the plot OF the novel
The principal ultimately agreed after seeing the overwhelming evidence that his approach was not the most efficient.
Replace the , ;
Ultimately agreed, after seeing the overwhelming evidence , that his approach was
Because is giving an add info ;
! The comma is not for “that”
For ___ clauses, it doesn’t need comma
But :
Tip: the report concludes that the theory is wrong , that it is based on false premises, and that those who formed it were aiming to deceive
Nominal ; interrupted or in a list
, It is based on false premises , ( nominal clause )AND (listing)
If you only want Identify ONLY 1 thing , __ a comma
If there’s a lot of them , __ a comma
Use a comma -> 1 thing
Jame’s novel The great Gatsby is still studied in many high school today .
Jane,s debut novel The side of Parafise is not widely known
Put commas and justify
X comma : beside the Great Gatsby , James has another novels
, This side of Paradise , : because debut is just 1 novel
When do we need to use ; semicolon
For Independent clauses ; Work as coordinating conjunction (and,but,so..)
- Before a transitional/ linking words (however, otherwise, )
- Long lists w/ long phases or clauses
!Optional for Maniscule / minuscule
When to use colon
Extension of Idea of a previous complete sentence
- noun / phase : The media seems to have a favourite target: big business and secret governments agencies
- Followed by independent clause : There can only be 1 explanation for this scandal : the mayor simply doesn’t care .
- followed by quote : the leader had this to say :” We are here t win”( this case needs to be High Caption)
Do not put a Colon :
- After a verb
- After a preposition
✔️ after complete sentences ; objects
The dish calls for several key ingredients ( ; / :) for example, A, B, and C
Why
; , because has a transition word
To x For
( Verb) Directed action x situation I gave(action) to her This is( sit) for her
(
Invite him TO dinner
Invite him FOR dinner
I did it To him
I did it FOR him
To dinner: dinner means a place event - to go to dinner.
For dinner: for a thing, for food .
To him: (ex) I yelled ( action) at him
For him: (ex) I took the exam for him to pass.
I made a salad to or for today’s lunch
for ; means purpose
Be used to x Be used for
TO: be familiar, comfortable meaning; Purpose
For: only for use and purpose; this pen is used FOR write.
None of ( is or are)
All __
The whole __
Neither _-
is
are
is
is ( or this or that)
everybody, nobody, anybody,
everything, anything ( is or are )
is
change something into plural form
Some things
Randy, if you really want that promotion, you __ to put more effort into your work
a) have
b) will have
c) are going to have
all. Because simple present = real fact -> real possible result
If it __ a difference, then I’ll take part. But I still have my doubts (be make)
will make - he will only knows if he take part
Past simple + WOULD IFINITIVE x Past Perfect + WOULD HAVE past participle
Would infinitive : imaginary present condition
would HAVE : CAN’T change the past
A: Ugh, i have to go, I promise to meet her at 6pm.
B: If you __ to see her, why you agreed to the meeting
( do want)
don’t want - She doesnt want in this moment too
A: The boss is selecting the winners of this month, do you think Larry will be selected
B: If he had not missed all of the meetings, the boss probably __ __ him.
a) would have selected
b) would select
c) will select
would select ; Because the action to “select” is not in the past. is going to happen or is happening
After x Later
After ( prep) X Later (adverb)
I’ll do it, AFTER ….. I’ll do it, LATER.
Specify Whenever in future
!: “after later” is obligatory to end with .
after “after” can be a . or a clause or term
I would like
grammar
polite way of “I want”
ONLY with “to + infinitive”
Would you mind
grammar
“Can you please”
+ ING
In adjective clauses ee have 2 types of clauses
And what type it is
- identifying/ defining : x comma
- modifying ( + info ) : comma between
Adjective clause is independent
Which pronouns can be subject and conjunction
adj clause
That which who
The reason why is correct ?
Is but recommend x
Because the reason means why
The reason that ✔️
Whom x whose x who
Whose : possession ( 🙋🏻♀️+ obj
Who : refers to person
Whom : to object
The pronouns of adjective clause: When Where Whose Whom Who Why Needs to
Be with subject
1) Jay went to the same store where Jennifer bought her food
2) Frank went to study in Boston where some of the world’s best universities are based
Place the comma and justify
1) x comma
2) ✔️comma. Everybody knows Boston so there is no need to identify what it is. Therefore the clause is only a info +
Which different with __, can modify the __ ____ ( adj clause)
That ;
Refer The entire clause
Never put about in the ___ of the sentence
End ;
The eccentric billionaire, whom the public knows little about, donated millions to charity
✔️The eccentric billionaire, ABOUT WHOM the public knows little, donated millions to charity
The class was taken to see Macbeth ___ is one of Shakespeare’s most popular plays
Adjective clause
, which
X identifying because the play is already identified ( Macbeth)
Ronda ___ moved into the building last week is a fitness instructor
Who
,who,
,who, . Because already identified who is Ronda - fitness instructor
Do I need to put “,” when I start with a Adverb clause?
Prefereable no
Although I don’t want it I am going .
Because I love pizza , I eat it often
Because I love pizza I eat it often ( better)
Unless is a ___ conjunction
Negative ;
She will be yelled unless she does not do the homework
She will be yelled unless she does the homework (x)
I’m am happy ___ you have decided to comer
a) that
why
What is a Noun clause ?
A noun clause has a verb + subject + pronoun / conjunction
If this is really what you want , then I’ll support you all the way
Identify the type of noun clause
IF this is really what you want
Since “ this is “ = what you want - is a complement of subject
Thanks you for getting back to me so quickly . I’m glad you have decided to join us
Identify the Noun clause
I’m glad What?? ( that) “You have decided to join us”
That is optional; complement to glad