SARON (Air Law) Flashcards
Experience requirements for ATPL:
- 1,500hrs total (900 in aeroplanes)
- 250hrs PIC; including:
- 100hrs x-country
- 200hrs x-country co-pilot in two-crew aircraft (or 100hrs PIC x-country)
- 25hrs night x-country PIC or co-pilot
- 100hrs night PIC or co-pilot (30hrs must be in aeroplane)
- 75hrs instrument time (up to 25hrs in sim, ground time does not count)
Privileges of an ATPL:
- All privileges of a CPL and PPL
- Can act as PIC or SIC of a two-crew aircraft
General requirements to hold an ATPL:
- 21 or older
- CAT 1 medical
- Obtain 70% on SAMRA, SARON, INRAT
- Valid group 1 instrument rating
How often must you get a medical renewed based on age?
- up to and including 60, every 12 months
- Over 60, every 6 months
How often must you compete an electrocardiogram based on age?
- Upon initial medical
- Every 2 years between age 30 and 40
- Every 12 months over age 40
How often must you complete an audiogram?
- Initial medical
- First medical after age 55
For pilots operating single-pilot commercial carrying passengers, how often must you compete a medical?
Every 6 months if over the age of 40!!!
What does your ATPL revert to if your CAT 1 medical expired?
PPL privileges
When must you have completed your group 1 to submit for your ATPL?
Group 1 within 12 months of application
When an ATPL pilot in commercial has his IFR lapsed (not current), can act as:
- PIC in single-crew operations carrying less than 10 passengers in day VFR
- Co-pilot of an aircraft certified for two-crew operations carrying cargo only during day OR night VFR
PIC, VFR, less than 10 passengers, and
SIC of cargo, day OR night VFR
Essentially can fly a PC-12 day VFR or;
Beech 1900C cargo two-crew day/night VFR
Recency requirements of an ATPL:
Holder of a flight crew permit, license or rating must have acted as PIC or SIC in an aircraft:
- Within the last 5 years or;
- Have competed a flight review within the preceding 12 months
Also, in order to exercise privileges of a flight crew permit or license a pilot must complete a recurrent training program within the previous 24 months. And if passengers are to be carried, 5 takeoffs and landings within 6 months; same goes for night operations.
A holder of a CPL or ATPL may instruct other licensed pilots as long as they meet the following requirements:
Seaplane = 50hrs total on seaplanes in its class
Multi-engine = 50hrs total and not less than 10hrs on type to be trained on
Can the holder of a CPL instruct instrument procedures?
Yes, and so can ATPL holders.
- 500hrs PIC
- 100hrs on applicable group (group 1, etc.)
- Where teaching a group 1, need not less than 10hrs on type use to train
A large aeroplane is categorized as:
A/C more that 5700kg or 12,566lbs MCTOW
(different certification process)
5700; remember 757
A transport category aircraft is classed as:
Pursuant to Chapter 525
Generally means large multi-engine aircraft with more than 19 seats operated under 705 operations.
Based on FAA part 25! See below:
- Propeller driven aircraft with more than 19 seats OR a MTOW greater than 19,000lbs
- Jets with more than 10 seats or a MTOW greater than 12,500lbs
Aircraft accident definition:
- Killed or serious injury
- Coming into contact with parts of the aircraft including parts that have become detached
- Rotor down or prop wash incidents
- Aircraft sustains structural damage that affects its structural strength, except for:
- Engine failure or damage when its damage is limited to inside the cowling
- Damage limited to propellers, wing tips, antennae, tires, brakes or small dents
- Aircraft is missing or inaccessible
During a comm failure after ATC has cleared you below the minimum vectoring altitude, what should you next course of action be?
Climb back to and above the published minimum altitude unless in VMC
How shall the pitot-static system be certified before entering class B airspace?
Every 24 months a test of the system must be carried out, and tolerance is +/- 50ft. If it is more than this, system should be inspected.
IFR High level controlled airspace standby squawk:
2000
IFR Low level controlled airspace standby squawk:
1000
VFR standby squawk:
1200 from ground at or above 12,500’. At 12,501 and above, 1400.
Squawking 7500 to 7700 indicates:
Hijack and situation is desperate
What is mandatory transponder airspace?
- Mandatory class E airspace between 10,000’ and 12’500
- All A,B,C airspace and requires mode C
- DAH distinguishes D and E airspace
RVSM altitude:
FL290 to FL410
Requirement to enter RVSM:
Certification from State of Registry
Prior to entering RVSM requirements:
- 75ft tolerance on ground between 2 altimeters!
- 2 primary altimeters within 200ft
- 1 secondary surveillance radar altitude (if only 1, must be able to switch between the 2 altimeter sources)
- Autopilot to function an altitude hold
- one altitude alerting system
If a required system fails, before entering RVSM, advise ATC and get a new clearance
75ft ground tolerance between 2
200ft air tolerance between 2
1 secondary surveillance, if only 1 altimeter need to go between 2
Altitude hold
Altitude alerting
While in RVSM airspace:
- No deviations larger than 300ft (during level-out events, do not exceed 150ft deviations to avoid TCAS)
- Cross-check altitude upon level and record
- If traffic is nearby, minimize to 1,000ft/min when 1,000ft from desired FL. This avoid TCAS
Pilots must notify ATC in RVSM if:
- No longer RVSM-compliant
- Loss of redundancy
- Encounters turbulence affecting ability to maintain altitude
- 300ft deviations
Are non-RVSM compliant aircraft allowed to enter RVSM airspace?
Yes, provided special procedures and must append “negative RVSM” on:
1. Initial calls
2. FLCH requests
3. FLCH readbacks
4. Readbacks on climb/descent
Non-RVSM aircraft are able to climb above FL410 or below FL290 while transiting RVSM airspace. Under what requirement:
A continuous climb must be maintained throughout RVSM airspace
Low-level airspace:
All airspace below FL180
High-level airspace:
All airspace at and above FL180
Where does CMNPS exist?
From FL330 to FL410 within lateral dimensions of NCA, ACA and northern parts of SCA are designated as Canadian Minimum Navigation Performance Specification Airspace
LATERAL ERROR UP TO 6.3NM
CONTROLLED
Vertical dimensions of low-level airways:
2,200ft AGL up to but not including 18,000ft MSL
VHF/UHF airway dimensions:
4NM each side
50.8NM distance
4.5 degree splay
VHF/UHF & LF/MF airway dimensions:
4.34NM each side
49.66NM distance
5 degree splay
LF/MF airway dimensions:
4.34NM each side
49.66NM distance
5 degree splay
What are T-routes & their dimensions?
Low-level fixed RNAV routes.
- 4NM either side for traffic protection
- 2NM either side secondary
- T-routes are 10NM either side “associated” airspace
What are L-routes and their dimensions?
Low-level uncontrolled RNAV points designated by a green dotted line on Lo charts.
MOCA for these routes extend only 6NM each side.
What is an MRB?
Magnetic Reference Bearing (MRB) are sown on L-routes to depict a reference bearing. Should only be used as a reference as the aircraft will fly the course.
Base of SCA?
18,000ft and above
Base of NCA?
23,000ft and above
Base of ACA?
27,000ft and above
What are Q-routes?
high-level RNAV routes depicted as black-dotted lines on Hi-charts.
When flying a Q-route, what is required?
- RNAV systems
- GNSS performance capabilities or distance-measuring equipment/inertial reference unit
NOTE: due to navigational facility coverage, some routes will be annotated with “GNSS required”. These routes can also be re-designated as RNP 2 routes
Control area extension:
- Controlled airspace extending from 2,200ft AGL up to 17,999ft ASL or as specified
- No lower than 700ft AGL
Control zone:
Airspace SFC to 3,000ft AAE
Control zones with a terminal control area are normally __NM in radius.
7NM; i.e. Ottawa; although Sudbury is also 7NM!
Average dimension of a military control area:
10NM radius from SFC to 6,000ft AAE
Terminal control area:
- Only assists IFR control service; subject to operating/equipment requirements
Terminal control areas are similar to control area extensions except:
- TCAs may extend into high-level airspace
- Controlled by a terminal frequency (if closed, its ACC will provide coverage, like YQT)
- Outer limit up to 45NM, based at 9,500ft AGL
- Medial limit up to 35NM, based at 2,200ft AGL
- Inner circle up to 12NM based at 1,200ft AGL
control area will start at 7NM radius to SFC
up to FL230
Transition areas:
Provide additional controlled airspace to service IFR traffic; bases not lower than 700ft AGL. Normally up to 15NM from airport
trazzzz7zzition700ft, 15NM
Class A footnotes:
- Controlled high-level airspace IFR only
- Mode C transponder
- SCA: 700ft AGL OR 18,000ft ASL up to and including FL600 (if not assigned)
- NCA: 23,000ft ASL up to and including FL600
- ACA: 27,000ft up to and including FL600
Class B airspace:
- IFR and VFR permitted BUT subject to clearance
- Aircraft must be equipped with:
- two-way radio
- Navigation radio capable of navigation intended route
- Mode C transponder - Maintain continuous watch and make position reports at designated points
Class C airspace:
- IFR and VFR permitted BUT subject to clearance
- Two-way radio, mode C transponder
- IFR aircraft will be given traffic advisories
- VFR aircraft will be given traffic advisories if two aircraft are conflicting each other
NOTE aircraft with no transponder or radio equipment may enter via prior permission with the controlling agency
Class D airspace:
- VFR aircraft must establish communication
- ATC separation only provided to IFR aircraft
- All aircraft will be given traffic information
- Equipment and workload permitting, conflict resolution will be provided between IFR and VFR aircraft, and VFR to VFR upon request
- Normally associated with a control tower with terminal radar capabilities (they see you coming)
- Becomes class E when not operating
Class E airspace:
- VFR does not require a clearance to enter
- ATC separation provided to IFR aircraft only
- May include low-level airways, RNAV routes, control area extensions, transition areas or control zones (think of areas like DERLO, middle of southern Ontario is class E)
- Includes all airspace above FL600 and all airspace not designated as A,B,C,D, or F
- Mode C transponder required in designated transponder airspaceC
Class F airspace:
- Classed as CYA, CYR, CYD (advisory, restriction, danger)
- VFR aircraft “encouraged” to avoid CYA airspace unless participating
- IFR aircraft will not be given clearance through a class F unless:
- flight crew tells ATC prior permission as ben granted
- aircraft id on a “altitude reservation approval”
- Aircraft cleared visual or contact approach
CYA=PILOT DECISION CYR=NEED PERMIT
Class G airspace:
- All other airspace not designated as A,B,C,D,E, or F
- ATC has no responsibility
What is an altitude reservation?
- Reservation for civil or military use of defined dimensions; can be stationary or move with an aircraft
- Published by NOTAM
- Will not be cleared through unless specifically authorized
Altimeter setting region:
- Airspace below 18,000ft ASL
- Prior to takeoff/approach an altimeter must be obtained
- Must be set to nearest airport along route of flight or to a station nearest if route of flight is more than 150NM
Standard pressure region:
- At or above 18,000ft ASL and low-level airspace outside altimeter setting region
- Everything is IMMEDIATELY PRIOR as to when you set an altimeter:
- Before Takeoff
- Before leveling off
- Before approach (including VFR approach)
- Before descending out of hold (holds are done at standard altimeter)
- Before entering altimeter setting region (the south gets priority)
Mountain region MEA & MOCA altitudes:
1 & 5 = 2000ft
2,3,4 - 1,500ft
everywhere else = 1,000ft
ALL WITHIN 5NM OF ROUTE
Areas where aircraft should operate above published minimum altitude:
Minimum sector altitudes & transitions = 1,000ft
AMA & non-mountainous = 1,000ft
AMA mountainous = 1,500ft
for operations on airways or air routes, add 1,000ft to minimum IFR altitudes when there are large pressure/temperature variations
All IFR aircraft should should fly at least 1,000ft above highest obstacle within 5NM
combination of mountain waves and non-standard temeratures can cause the altimeter to over read by up to 3,000ft!
Operations when altimeter settings are above 31.00:
- All VFR,CVFR,IFR are to set 31.000 to enroute operations below 18,000ft ASL until exited high pressure area
- VFR aircraft to set actual altimeter upon final approach
- IFR aircraft to set actual altimeter at FAF
- All aircraft able to select higher than 31.00 shall use 31.00 enroute, and then actual until final approach/landing
- All aircraft unable to set higher than 31.00 will maintain 31.00 with the following restriction:
- Departure alternate & alternate minimas to be adjusted 100ft higher & 1/4NM higher for every 00.10 over 31.00
CAT II & III ILS not affected by above restrictions
How long are altimeters considered valid for?
90 minutes!
When is a circling minima published?
When rate of descent exceeds design parameters when applying altitude corrections.
This draws attention to the pilot that you cannot use straight-in minima when using an alternate altimeter source
ADIZ:
- Must file IFR or DVFR
- Must revise on ATC when:
- +/- 5min deviation from a;- reporting point
- point of penetration
- point of destination in ADIZ
- A 20NM tolerance for;
- ETA to entering ADIZ
- From the centerline of the intended route
Forest fire airspace restriction:
No closer than 3,000ft AGL within 5NM
Super heavy wake turbulence class:
More than 560,000kgs
Heavy wake turbulence class:
560,000kgs to 136,000kgs
Medium wake turbulence class:
136,000kgs to 7,000kgs
Based on MA CERTIFIED TAKEOFF “MASS”
Light wake turbulence class:
7,000kgs or less
Radar separation super heavy following super heavy:
4NM
Radar separation heavy following super heavy:
6NM
Radar separation medium following super heavy:
7NM
Radar separation light following super heavy:
8NM
Radar separation heavy following heavy:
4NM
Radar separation medium following heavy:
5NM
Radar separation light following heavy:
6NM
Radar separation light following medium:
4NM
Rule of thumb for radar separation regarding weight classes:
Any time the following aircraft is bigger than the lead, radar separation is not provided or listed. i.e. a medium following a light = no radar separation
When is a two-minute separation given to an aircraft taking off?
Behind any heavy/super heavy regardless of weight class(super heavy down to light) on the same runway, or a parallel runway less than 2,500ft away
ATC will NOT provide any timed separation for a light following a medium in the above scenarios, but in the very least they will advise
When is a three-minute separation given to an aircraft taking off?
Behind heavy aircraft (or a light following a medium) if the aircraft concerned takes off from an intersection or a point further down the runway from the preceding (ahead) aircraftOR the controller believes the following aircraft will require more runway length for takeoff than the preceding (ahead) aircraft.
Also provided when a light or medium is following a super heavy.
ATC will also append separation intervals to keep trailing aircraft from crossing a heavies flight path!
Non-radar light following super heavy:
3 minutes
Non-radar medium following super heavy:
3 minutes
Non-radar heavy following super heavy:
2 minutes
Non-radar super heavy following super heavy:
2 minutes
Non-radar light following heavy:
2 minutes
Non-radar medium following heavy:
2 minutes
Non-radar heavy following heavy:
2 minutes
Non-radar super heavy following heavy:
2 minutes
Non-radar light following medium:
No time standard, although an advisory will be given!
Are pilots allowed to waive a wake turbulence protection?
Yes, unless one of these situations occur:
- A light or medium behind a heavy at an intersection significantly further down the runway (in same direction)
- A light or medium behind a heavy that made a low approach or went missed in the same OR opposite direction on the same runway
Is wake turbulence given to VFR aircraft?
Yes, but VFR has less restrictions because they can accept full responsibility of wake turbulence. ATC only really concerns itself with IFR
Airspeed limit below 10,000ft ASL:
250kts unless authorized
Airspeed limit below 3,000ft AGL:
AND within 10NM of controlled airport, 200kts unless authorized
What are exceptions to airspeed limit orders?
- Special flight operations certificate - special aviation event
- Minimum safe speed exceeds these parameters
- ATC shall be advised of this!
Can exceed the 200kts below 3,000 AGL within 10NM by up to a maximum of 250kts
- ATC shall be advised of this!
All holding speed limitations:
- At or below 6,000ft ASL: 200kts 1min legs
- Above 6,000ft ASL up to and including 14,000ft ASL: 230kts 1 min legs
- Above 14,000ft ASL: 265kts 1½ min legs
BASED ON INBOUND LEG timing
must be entered t or below maximum speeds
When holding at 11,000ft ASL, what is your speed limit?
230kts maximum
What does an MHA assure?
Minimum Holding Altitude
- Navigational signal coverage
- Communication
- Obstacle clearance
What is the maximum speed for airspace protection for holds in turbulent air?
280kts or 0.80 Mach, whichever is lower
ATC to be notified if speed restrictions based on altitude cannot be met
What does military aerodromes protected airspace allow for regarding speed?
310kts unless otherwise depicted
Where may you possibly exceed holding speed limitations up to 310kts?
Military aerodromes
What is the maximum holding speed of helicopters?
90kts unless otherwise specified
When is a shuttle procedure usually published on an approach plate?
Where a descent of more than 2,000ft is required during initial or intermediate approach segments
Before commencing a shuttle procedure, what must be observed before hand?
- Speed limit for climb/descent on approach chart and/or:
- Speed limit the general airspeed limit order as per altitude
- If no published speeds:
- For climbs, max holding is 310kts
- For descents, refer to general airspeed limit order
- The inbound/outbound timed legs as per altitude
- DME holding restrictions, if any
When is it advisable to file an IFR flight plan?
At least 30mins before wheels up
What is the rule of IFR itineraries?
Allowed only 1 entry or exit from controlled airspace
What is a responsible person regarding an IFR/VFR itinerary?
A dispatch service or a person who “agrees”
When filing a flight plan from Canada to a country NOT the US, what must you file?
An ICAO flight plan
Changes to an IFR flight plan:
- Cruising altitude
- Route of flight
- Destination
- When in controlled airspace
- TAS changes by 5% or 0.01 Mach
notify ATS when ETA at reporting point exceeds 3 minutes
When must a flight plan be closed?
As soon as practical, but no later than the SAR timeor where no SAR time, 1hr after latest reported ETA
When must a flight itinerary be closed?
As soon as practical, but no later than the SAR time or where no SAR time, 24hrs after last reported ETA
What is a NOTAMN?
New NOTAM
What is a NOTAMR?
Replacing NOTAM
What is a NOTAMC?
Canceling NOTAM
What is a NOTAMJ?
RSC report NOTAM
What is the validity of a NOTAMJ?
An RSC NOTAM report is valid up to a maximum of 24hrs. Allures to wet, snow, slush, ice on runway
When are NOTAMs published?
NOTAM notifications must be made at least 6hrs in advance but no longer than 48hrs in advance
Resumption of flight duties following alcohol or drugs:
- 12hrs after alcohol intake
- Under the influence
- While using any drug that impairs the person’s faculties to the extent that the safety of the aircraft or of persons on board the aircraft is endangered in any way
Resumption of flight duties following scuba diving:
24 hours
Resumption of flight duties following local or dental anesthetics:
24 hours
Resumption of flight duties following blood donation:
48 hours