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PH3407 > Sarcopenia > Flashcards

Sarcopenia Flashcards

1
Q

-what % of canadians are either overweight/obese

A

23%

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2
Q

what # of mod to big exercise per day increases longevity

A

12 mins

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3
Q

why we getting getting old

A
  • younger inv are sarcopenia
  • reduction in pluripotent stem cells (decreases efficiency in generating tissue)
  • Mito dysfunction
  • oxidative stress + cell death
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4
Q

causes of aging (2)

A
  • chronic inflammation

- increased adiposity (influences mm tissue directly)

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5
Q

What is sarcopenia (when does it start/ how much loss per year)

A

mm loss begins in 30s/40s
-loss of up to 8% per decade until age 70

-mm breakdown leads to weakness (dynapenia)

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6
Q

lifestyle causes of sarcopenia

A
  • too much cardio/ not enough resistance training
  • poor food choices
  • mm wasting
  • social changes
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7
Q

BMI compared to DEXA

A

sometimes underestimates

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8
Q

dx criteria categories for sarcopenia (5) and score of > what is predictive

A 
Strength
assistance walking
rise from chair
climb stairs
falls

score >4 is predictive of sarcopenia

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9
Q

osteopenia sarcopenia

A

link bw sarcopenia and osteoperosis

-loss of type II mm fibres and process of osteoporosis occur nearly simultaneously

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10
Q

sarcopenia has been shown to increase risk of falls by how much

A

1.5-3x

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11
Q

5 main theroies of mito aging

A
  • free radical theory of aging
  • superoxide theory
  • oxidative stress theory
  • mito free radical theory
  • free radical theory of frailty
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12
Q

exercise and ROS

A

mm contraction can activate redox-sensitive signal transduction pathway to stim expression of certain gene products that function to restore homeostatsis

-if ppl are not active , they will not up regulate these genes to keep ROS at healthy levels

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13
Q

what are the 4 ROS sensitive pathways

A
  • Nuclear factor kappa (NF)
  • mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
  • Heat shock proteins (HSP)
  • peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)
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14
Q

changes in gene expression from exercise lead to what (4)

A
  • antioxidant enzymes (upreg by increased secretion of ROS in controlled env-mm contraction)
  • Transcription factors and cofactors required for nuclear binding
  • Molecules controlling redox status
  • wide range of pros that could influence metabolic status and thus ROS prod
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15
Q

What is mito biosynthesis reliant upon

A
  • ability to secrete more mito is beneficial for older adult functioning
  • dependent on peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1)
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16
Q

what are the 2 circuits to adaption to exercise

A
  1. Normal redox circuit (a-left column)

2. Impaired redox circuit (e-right column)

17
Q

what occurs in the normal redox circuit

A

signal of increased oxidative stress causes activation of sensor
-adaptive response improves cellular function

17
Q

what occurs in the normal redox circuit

A

signal of increased oxidative stress causes activation of sensor
-adaptive response improves cellular function

18
Q

what occurs during the impaired redox cycle and why

A
  • sedentary inv w increased ROS that is unmanaged
  • with age resting levels are elevated (leads to less sensor activation)
  • adaptive mechanisms are desensitized (elevated lvls of stress are not lowered and we are not allowing our bodies to functionally adapt
19
Q

CRP and training effects in older women

A

after training had a sig decrease in CRP (training allows for hormesis and allows for antioxidants to allow the body to adapt, increased capacity to manage the inflammatory response in the body)

20
Q

effects of resistance training

A

resistance training 2x a week reduces all cause, cancer and cardiac death
-older adults that reported guideline resistance training had 46% lower odds of all cause mortality

21
Q

what are the specific stressors of aerobic ex and the adaptiveresponke

A

stressors- energetic and oxidative stress, misfoldings of pro

adaptive response- increase antioxidants, mito biogenesis, enhance pro folding capacity, increase myofibrillar pro synthesis

22
Q

effects of resistance training

A
  • can counteract sarcopenia and dynapenia characterized by decreased pro content and increased lipid infiltration
  • low levels of mm strength are predictive of poor physical function and increased mortality
23
Q

con vs eccentric training

A
  • compared to concentric, EC causes more structural damage to the myocyte and oxidative damage to myofibril pro and enzymes
  • inflammation increases blood perfusion, which increase nitric oxide
24
Q

what can too much EC do

A

inhibit PGC1a and mito biogenesis

25
Q

what doe high dietary pro do in calc restriction

A

in cal restriction, a higher pro consumption seems to increase lean body mass and decrease fat mass

-dietary pro sup sig increase strength, 1RM, FFM, mm size

26
Q

what is hyperaminoacidemia (in young + old_

A

post feeding hyperaminoacidemia is a potent stim of skeletal mm protein synthesis in young adults and is blunted in older adults

27
Q

what % of Americans are eating under the RDA for protein

A

40% of americans are eating less than .8g/kilo

28
Q

what is the adequate bolus of pro to upregulat MTOR

A

around 30g

(need >1.2g/kilo per day spread thru 30g increments0

29
Q

taking how much pro sig decreases Sarcopenia risk score

A

those taking in >1.2g/k have sig decreased SRS

30
Q

20 vs 40g of pro post workout in older indv

A

sig improvements in chest press, shoulder press and leg extension strength were observed following 40g dose

31
Q

how does cur cumin help mm atrophy

A

supreses NFkB (as NFkB usually inhibits PCG-1)

32
Q

EPA and DHA effects of sarcopenia and how long does it take

A

-can improve mm synthesis

4 weeks- protect from disuse atrophy

plateu @ 6w- potentiation of mm pro synthesis to insulin and amino acid infusion

33
Q

effects of omega 3

A

antiinflammatory effects (inhibits NFkB and COX2)

  • amino acid transport
  • pro kinase activity
  • mTOR localization
  • Mitochondrial function

PH3407 (10 decks)

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