SAP Exam - Schools of thought Flashcards
Jane Goodall
PRIMATOLOGY
-British cultural anthropologist (1934-)
-Worked for the Leakeys in Tanzania
-Observed and recorded chimpanzees, became accepted into their society
-Discovered that they use tools and are not strictly vegetarian
-Eg. they used long blades of grass to catch termites!
-Recorded the highly developed social structure of the tribe
Raymond Dart
PALEOANTHROPOLOGY(examins fossils)
-Discovered Australopithecus Africanus(Taung Child)
-Supports theory of evolution in Africa as the birthplace of humans
-Killer Ape Theory –> early humans evolved and survived through being more aggressive than other primates.
Leakey Family
PALEOANTHROPOLOGY
-1931 to 1959 (Kenya/Tanzania)
-Discovered ancient human civilizations from 100 000 to over 2 million years ago.
-Discovered australopithecus and homo habilis(two of anthropology’s greatest finds)
-Homo Habilis –> first true tool maker, first member of the human genus
-Experimented with axes and scrapers to understand how early humans hunted
-Louis recruited Jane Goodall, Birute Galdikas, and Dian Fossey to conduct studies on primates
-Louis believed studying other primates could lead to a greater understanding of early humans
Charles Darwin**
HUMAN VARIATION
-Differences in traits/characteristics that exist among humans
NATURAL SELECTION
1. Variation - every species has a lot of variety within it
2. Heritability - individuals pass on traits to their offspring
3. Environmental fitness - individuals who are better adapted to their environment will produce more offspring and pass on their traits to the next generation
(In natural selection, traits develop to help individuals survive and reproduce in a particular environment).
Franz Boas
ETHNOLOGY
-Founder of American anthropology
-Focused early investigations on language/culture of American Native people
-Conclusions would only be valid if they were supported by large amounts of data
-Research methods of social scientists must be as objective as those of natural scientists
-Established link between anthropology and ethnology
Note: created cultural relativism
Napoleon Chagnon
ETHNOLOGY
-Studied indigenous Yanomami people of the amazon rain forest
-Introduced modern tools to the Yanomami, which led to increased violence and controversy over his portrayal of them as inherently violent.
Marvin Harris**
Ethnology
Cultural Materialism!!!
Margaret Mead
ETHNOLOGY
-Studied the differences between Samoan culture and American culture (especially adolescence)
-Critics think that she relied too much on personal observation
-Nurture is more important than Nature
-Significant differences between cultures
-Help us to understand our own culture
Noam Chomsky
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
-theory of of universal grammar(UG): all human children are born with internal, universal rules for grammar and that they apply these rules as they learn their mother tongue.
this is the reason why children easily master language
-this renowned groundbreaking theory revolutionized the field of linguistics
-This innate capacity allows humans to acquire language naturally/rapidly, regardless of the specific language they’re exposed to
Ivan Pavlov
BEHAVIOURISM
-Classical conditioning
B.F. Skinner
BEHAVIOURISM
-Operant Conditioning
Sigmund Freud
PSYCHOANALYSIS
-Id/ego/superego
-Defense mechanisms
-Free association therapy
-Studied sick people
Karen Horney
-Psychoanalysis
-Feminist neo-freudian who followed Freud’s basic concepts
-Disagreed with 2 points: Personality is strongly influenced by sexual conflicts and that Freud’s theories didn’t accurately represent females
-Founder of feminine psychology
-Argued that women were pushed by society and culture to depend on men for both love and status
-Without a husband/children, they had little value in society
-Made significant contributions to the study of neurotic disorder.
Carl Jung
PSYCHOANALYSIS
-2 parts of unconscious: Personal(unique to each individual) and collective(contains memories from our ancestors shared by all human beings)
-Universal archetypes - symbols that tend to appear over and over again
-Contributed to study of personality
Erik Erikson
PSYCHOANALYSIS
-Neo-Freudian, influenced by Freud’s stages of psychosexual development
-Individual growth depends on society, not just personal experiences
-Identity crisis: a time in a teenager’s life filled with extreme self consciousness as they attempt to test/integrate various roles
-Created the Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame/doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generativity vs stagnation
integrity vs despair
Abraham Maslow
HUMANISM
-Founder of humanist psychology
-Studied “self-actualizing people” and their “peak experiences”
-Created the hierarchy of needs
-Psychological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
Albert Bandura
COGNITIVE
-Social-cognitive theory: pov on personality that takes a person’s motivation, environment, and behaviour into account
-Bobo Doll Experiment(people learn behaviour by watching and then imitating them)
Auguste Comte**
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
-Coined the term “sociology” - Father of sociology
- “We can study society and create solutions to solve society’s problems”
Note: created positivism - sociologists need to use scientific tools of observation, experimentation, and comparison to study human societies
Emile Durkheim
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
-Functionalist theory: Every belief/action/relationship in a culture functions to meet the needs of individuals.
-Importance of interdependence among all things within a social system to meet the needs of individuals & ensure society’s long-term survival
-Members of society need to feel connected and share a common value system for society to maintain social order/function properly
Karl Marx
CONFLICT THEORY
-argues that society is shaped by struggles between different social classes, primarily the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers), with power and resources being unequally distributed
FATHER OF COMMUNISM & SOCIALISM
-advocated that workers of the world should unite and there should be a classless society where everything is shared equally.
Dorothy Smith
FEMINIST THEORY
-Canadian sociologist
-Known for her contributions to feminist sociology
-Institutional Ethnography: a methodology that critiques traditional sociological research methods and highlights the everyday experiences of marginalized groups, especially women
-argues that sociologists should develop the discipline of sociology so it reaches/speaks to all members of society
-believes society is constructed to favour men and doesn’t operate in women’s best interest
-working towards a sociology that reflects the realities/experiences of all people regardless of race, gender, or economic status
Charles H. Cooley
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
-Individuals and society are deeply interconnected
-Primary groups - friends/family play a key role in shaping social identity
Note: created the looking-glass-self - our self-concept is developed as a result of our imagining other’s judgement
Max Weber
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
-Rationalization: social actions motivated by efficiency or benefit not morality/custom/emotion - helps society function more efficiently
-Bureaucracy: system of organization characterized by a clear hierarchy, fixed rules, and a focus on efficiency and rationality in decision-making
-Bureaucracies can’t function this way in reality and can form an “iron cage” reducing people to cogs in a machine
Donald Johanson
-American paleoanthropologist
-Best known for his discovery of the fossilized remains of Lucy(one of the most significant hominid fossils ever found)
-Provided crucial insights into human evolution, particularly bipedalism - a key trait that distinguishes humans from other primates
Herbert Spencer
-Sociologist
-Created Social Darwinism which is an adaption of Darwinian ideas
George C. Homans
(Behavioural )SOCIOLOGIST
Social Exchange Theory
-Views interactions as cost-benefit analyses, where individuals seek to maximize rewards (approval) and minimize costs (disapproval or punishment).
-Human behaviour is motivated by the “currency” of approval, shaping relationships and social exchanges.
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of modern psychology
-Established the first psychology laboratory
-Created introspection, structuralism, and voluntarism
Ernestine Friedl
-Feminist Anthropology
In forager societies, the amount of freedom women had was strongly tied to their contributions to the food supply.
Men and women are relatively equal in societies where women gather more food.
Men are more dominant in societies where men have more control over food resources.
Harriet Martineau
-Looked at society through the lense of woman
-Contributed to the feminist theory
