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SAP > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

The Mere Exposure Effect

A

Tendency to develop preferences for things because we are familiar with them.
AKA: Familiarity Principal

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2
Q

Mnemonic Device

A

Using acronyms, chunking, and rhymes to help the brain naturally store/remember data

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3
Q

Schachter Two-Factor Theory

A

Stimulus –> physiological arousal –> cognitive labelling –> emotion

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4
Q

Locus of Control

A

Measurement of how much control a person feels they have in their own behaviour.

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5
Q

In Group Bias

A

Tendency to favour one’s own group over another. This affects our perception of others, giving preferential treatment to the members of our own group while excluding other groups.

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6
Q

Regression

A

Defense mechanism in which people seem to return to an earlier developmental stage. This tends to occur around periods of stress.

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7
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behaviour. Through operant conditioning, reward behaviour is likely to be repeated, while punishment is prone to happen less.

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8
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Physical, mental, and behavioural changes an organism experiences over a 24-hour cycle.

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9
Q

Psychology 5 Basic Goals

A
  1. Describe - observe behaviour as objectively as possible.
  2. Explain - go beyond what is obvious(observable data) and ask “Why did the subject do what he/she did”.
  3. Predict - Predicting what future behaviour will be from past behaviour.
  4. Control - Intervene to change negative behaviour/excerpt control over it.
  5. Improve - Control behaviour positively and improve someone’s life. (Although not always the case, it should be the intention).
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10
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Ice Berg Theory of the Unconscious
- Set of psychological theories and methods of therapy.
- Revolves around the belief that everyone has unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.
- Used to release repressed emotions and experiences.

Founded by: Sigmund Freud

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11
Q

Humanist

A

Hierarchy of Needs
- Higher needs in the hierarchy emerge when people feel they have fully satisfied the previous needs.

Founded by: Abraham Maslow

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12
Q

Behaviourist

A

Skinner Box - Operant Conditioning
- Focuses on the idea that all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment
- Inherited factors have very little influence on behaviour.

By: B. F. Skinner

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13
Q

Psychology

A

Modern Definition: The science of behaviour and mental processes
Latin Definition: Study of the soul

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14
Q

Aristotle

A
  • Believed that human consciousness was in the heart not the head
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15
Q

Zakariya al-Rhazes

A
  • Persian doctor from the late 800s
  • Rhazes was the first to describe mental illness and even treated patients in an early psych ward in his Baghdad hospital.
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16
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of internal and external existence.

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17
Q

Notion Of Self

A

How an individual perceives their own identity including their thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and experiences that make them who they are.

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18
Q

Freud

A
  • Freud’s theories helped build our views on childhood, personality, dreams, and sexuality.
  • Developed his revolutionary ideas by building in the work of others.
  • After the Anna O case study, he told his patients to “free associate”. This provided the basis for his career and an entire branch of psychology.
  • He came up with psychoanalysis and believed this “unconsciousness” could be discovered and understood through therapeutic techniques.
  • Using dreams, projections, and free association to root out repressed feelings and gain self-insight.
  • Freud’s message was that mental disorders could be healed through talk therapy and self-discovery.
  • This was a huge breakthrough because people with mental illnesses would be confined and given up on.
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19
Q

Structuralism

A
  • The idea of breaking down the brain into structures. The approach to getting patients to look inwards to understand the structures of consciousness is structuralism.
  • Relied too much on introspection - too subjective - very short-lived
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20
Q

Functionalism

A
  • Questions focused on why we think, feel, smell, and lick.
  • Focused on the function of behaviour.
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21
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

The theory that unconscious motives shape our personalities.

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22
Q

Anna O Case Study

A
  • Josef Breuer treated Anna O with a new “talking cure”. He let her talk about her symptoms and the more she pulled up traumatic memories, the more her symptoms were reduced.
  • This case study is a breakthrough, and it also changed Freud forever.
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23
Q

Behaviourism

A

Focuses on the idea that all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment.

24
Q

Humanist Psychology

A

The approach that emphasizes individual potential, personal growth, and the importance of self-actualization in understanding human behaviour.

25
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

The branch of psychology that studies mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving to understand how people think, learn, and remember.

26
Q

Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the nervous system, focusing on its structure, function, development, and the biological basis of behaviour and cognitive processes.

27
Q

Hindsight Bias

A
  • Cognitive bias that occurs when people overestimate their ability to predict outcomes after they have occured.
  • “I knew it all along” phenomenon
28
Q

Psychological Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction

29
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A
  • Watching behaviour to let subjects continue doing their thing without trying to manipulate or control the situation.
  • Great at describing behaviour but bad at explaining it.
30
Q

Case Study

A
  • Can’t be repeated (risk of over-generalizing)
  • Shows what CAN happen
  • Extensive/generalizable studies
  • In depth look on one individual
31
Q

Surveys/Interviews

A
  • Used to collect data by asking people to report their opinions and behaviours.
  • Great way to access consciously held attitudes/beliefs but subtle word choices can influence results by eliciting different reactions.
32
Q

Sampling Bias

A

When a sample isn’t representative of the population being studied.

33
Q

Correlate

A
  • How something(trait/behaviour) relates to another.
  • Shows relationship between 2 variables.
34
Q

Causation

A

1 variable directly causing change in another.

35
Q

Experiment

A

Allows investigators to isolate different effects by manipulating an independent variable and keeping other variables constant.

36
Q

Double-blind Experiment

A

When the researchers themselves don’t know which group is experimental so they don’t unintentionally influence the results of their own behaviour.

37
Q

Psychosexual Theory(Freud)

A
  • Ego(visible): Freud’s term for the rational part of the mind, which operates on the reality principle. Finds a balance between the superego and id.
  • Superego(invisible): Freud’s term for the moral centre of the mind.
  • id(invisible): Freud’s term for the instinctual part of the mind, which operates on the pleasure principle.
38
Q

Psychodynamic Theory

A

An approach to therapy that focuses on resolving a patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious feelings.

39
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Sigmund Freud’s theory that all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood and that childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life.

40
Q

Unconscious

A
  • Information processing in our mind that we are not aware of
  • According to Freud, it holds our unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories.
  • According to Jung, it includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all.
41
Q

Conscious

A
  • Information that we are always aware of.
  • Our conscious mind performs thinking when we take in new information.
42
Q

Defence Mechanism

A

The ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety.

43
Q

Repression

A

Unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious.

44
Q

Regression

A

Reverting back to immature behaviour from an earlier stage of development.

45
Q

Displacement

A

Redirecting unacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer, substitute target.

46
Q

Sublimation

A

Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behaviour.

47
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Acting in exactly the opposite way to one’s unacceptable impulses.

48
Q

Projection

A

Attributing to one’s own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself.

49
Q

Rationalization

A

Creating false excuses for one’s unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behaviours.

50
Q

Conflict Resolution Balance

A
  • Struggle between pleasure and avoidance of pain(id) and the moral judgement of doing what is right(superego)
  • Successful conflict resolution requires a healthy balance between 2 extremes.
  • Unresolved conflicts at earlier stages will result in difficulties at later stages.
51
Q

NS

A

Neutral stimulus that doesn’t produce an automatic response.

52
Q

UCS

A

Unconditioned stimulus that leads to an automatic response.

53
Q

UCR

A
  • Classical conditioning requires an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response, that reliably elicits an unlearned response in the experimental subject.
  • AKA: reflexes
54
Q

CS

A
  • Conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus.
  • When repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response to the unconditioned stimulus.
55
Q

CR

A

Conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

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