Psychology Quiz 1 Flashcards
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Behaviourist Perspective
- Psychologists need empirical evidence(obtained through experimentation) to understand and change human behaviour.
- ## Emphasize the importance of observable behaviours and phenomena.
Humanist Perspective
- Patient relationship idea of therapy
- Believes the client should be very involved in their own recovery, instead of relying only on the therapist’s interpretation of the issues.
- Favours qualitative over quantitative
Cognitive Perspective
Psychology
Study of cognitions, emotions, and behaviour.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud’s theory that all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood and that childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life.
Sigmund Freud(
- Created the conception of human consciousness consisting of 3 distinct parts(the ego, id, and superego) and defense mechanisms
- Supported the belief that not all mental illnesses have physiological causes.
- Offered evidence that cultural differences have an impact on psychology and behaviour.
- Contributed to our understanding of personality, clinical psychology, human development, and abnormal psychology.
Id
Freud’s term for the instinctual part of the mind, which operates on the pleasure principle.
Ego
Freud’s term for the rational part of the mind, which operates on the reality principle.
Superego
Freud’s term for the moral centre of the mind.
Unconscious Mind
- Information procesing in our mind that we are not aware of.
- According to Freud, it holds our unacceptable feelings, thoughts, and memories.
- According to Jung, it includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all.
Defence Mechanisms
The ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety.
Repression: unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious.
Regression: Reverting back to immature behaviour from an earlier stage of development.
Displacement: Redirecting unacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer, substitute target.
Sublimation: Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behaviour.
Reaction Formation: Acting in exactly the opposite way to one’s unacceptable impulses.
Projection: attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself.
Rationalization: creating false excuses for one’s unacceptable feelings, thoughts, behaviours.
Miss Elizabeth
- Elizabeth’s sister died and her first thought was to marry her dead sister’s husband.
- She became ill(a cripple) as a defence mechanism so she was safe from temptation.
- Freud told her to consider the temptation and forgive herself. Months later, she wasn’t ill and found a new partner.
- Led to Freud developing psychoanalysis and defense mechanisms.
Alfred Adler
Carl Jung
- A student of Freud, grew to disagree with Freud.
- Founded analytical psychology.
- Contributed to the understanding of personality.
- He believed we are all either introverted or extroverted.
- He added 4 Functional types: thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition - and that we constantly gravitate to one functional type while our unconscious gravitates to the other type.
Behaviourist
Edward Thorndike
The Law of Effect
Cat in a Box
John Watson
Classical Conditioning
Before Conditioning: The dog would get an UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE(drooling) when presented with the UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS(food)
During Conditioning: Introduces a NEUTRAL STIMULUS(bell) with the UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS(food). The dog would have a UCR(drooling).
After Conditioning: The dog will associate the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus. Therefore the CONDITIONED STIMULUS(bell) will create a CONDITIONED RESPONSE(drooling)
Ivan Pavov(1849-1936)
- Nobel prize-winning Russian Scientist
- Discovered Classical Conditioning(dogs/drooling)
Operant Conditioning
- A type of learning that uses rewards and punishments to achieve a desired behaviour.
- The Skinner Box: Every time the rat presses the petal, it’s rewarded with food.
B.F Skinner(1904-1990)
- Developed true behaviourism.
- Concerned only with observable behaviours not the mental process behind them.
- Created operant conditioning(using rats and pigeons)
The Office Experiment
Big Bang (TV Show) Experiment
Fraiser Crane
Humanism
Abraham Maslow
- Founders of humanist psychology
- Studied self-actualizing
- Created the Hierarchy of Needs
Cognitive
Albert Bandura
Bobo Doll
Harry Harlow
Mary Ainsworth
Theories of Attachment
Lawrence Kohlberg
Nature vs Nurture
Genetics vs Environment
Milgram’s experiment on Obedience
198
Solomon Asch’s experiment on Authority
362
Philip Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment
238
