Sanctions Flashcards
Which country is best able to enforce sanctions
USA. UN lacks the power to do this. When it does act it is an an arm of a great power
Why is there a tension between sanctions and the WTO?
The WTO’s principle is to liberalise trade whereas direct purpose of sanctions is to restrict trade and services mostly for non-economic reasons.
What are reasons for the failure of sanctions?
They do not reflect the realities or take accord of human behaviour and responses.
Define boycotts
The refusal to buy goods and services from a supplier.
Define Embargoes
No good or service will be supplied to the buyer
What is a rare case of a full Embargo
US on Cuba
What is the name of a country that acts to oppose sanctions?
A spoiler or Black Knight
What were sanctions between 1919 to 1989 used for?
- Contain terrorism
- Prevent nuclear proliferation
- Support human rights
- Punish nationalisation of foreign owned property
Between what dates were sanctions not used primarily to prevent conflict?
1914 to 1989
What are the three major foreign policy purposes of sanctions?
- Get target to change behaviour.
- Weaken the target
- Punish the target - deter it an others in the future
Who said that only 34% of sanctions were effective?
Hufbauer, Scott and Elliot in Sanctions Reconsidered.
Later studies have gone as low as 4%
How can sanction deter?
- Directly threaten with sanctions
- Indirectly see the effect of sanctions on other countries
What is an example of sanctions effecting the wrong target?
Russian sanctions. Hit the EU more as higher energy costs and loss of exports
What affect the Russian economy more than sanctions?
The fall in oil and gas prices
How much did the US lose in exports to Iraq due to post Kuwait invasion sanctions?
$7 bil
How much did the US spend preparing for GW1?
$68 bil
How much did GW1 cost and how much of this did the allies pay?
$61 bil - 80% met by allies
How much did Iraq’s GNP fall by due to the post GW1 sanctions?
50%
Value of Iraqi Dinar also plummeted
Who and in what year said that much of Iraq’s NBC weapons had been destroyed?
Scott Ritter (UN wpns inspector). 95% destroyed by 1998
How much have the russian sanctions cost the EU?
Over €100 bil
What do smart sanctions aim to do?
- Aimed at key individuals or institutions.
- try to
avoid hardship for the population
Why were sanctions against RUS needed?
- Violent conflict not an option
- Doing nothing would have left a breach of intl law unacknowledged.
What could be considered the best result of the RUS sanctions?
Russia has not escalated the conflict more.
Displayed Western Unity
What have been the negative effects of the RUS sanctions beyond trade?
- Alienated the Russian population
- Strengthened Putin
- Brought RUS and CHI closer together.
What can be done once sanctions are in place and change is desired?
Tightening
Maintaining
Easing
What is the danger of stopping sanctions
Difficult to remove if the aims are not achieved as it will appear as a victory for the offending govt.
