Sample In Class Final Flashcards
During a sleep study, 40% of the EEG waves are high amplitude low frequency delta waves,what sleep stage is the subject in?
a. REM
b. NREM stage I
c. NREM stage II
d. NREM stage III
e. NREM stage IV
d. NREM stage III
During which sleep stage are spindles involved?
a. REM
b. NREM stage I
c. NREM stage II
d. NREM stage III
e. NREM stage IV
c. NREM stage II
During a sleep study, more than 50% of the EEG waves are high amplitude low frequency delta waves,what sleep stage is the subject in?
a. REM
b. NREM stage I
c. NREM stage II
d. NREM stage III
e. NREM stage IV
e. NREM stage IV
Lesions in the raphe nucleus produce what effect in the short term?
a. narcolepsy
b. seizures
c. insomnia
d. REM behavior disorder
c. insomnia
Experimentally how can REM sleep be induced?
a. Cholinergic stimulation of the medulla
b. adrenergic stimulation of the medulla
c. cholinergic stimulation of the pons
d. adrenergic stimulation of the pons
c. cholinergic stimulation of the pons
What factor has a hypnogenic (sleep inducing) effect on the anterior hypothalamus?
a. PGD2
b. glutamate
c. PGF 2-alpha
d. norepinephrine
a. PGD2
The nucleus basalis of Meynert which functions as a sleep modulating center is associatedwith what type of neuronal projections?
a. adrenergic
b. glutamanergic
c. serotonergic
d. cholinergic
d. cholinergic
In what sleep stage does the EEG resemble the awake state?a. stage II
b. stage IV
c. REM
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
c. REM
Slow wave sleep is associated wth which of the following autonomic changes?
a. Increase SNS, decrease Parasympathtic
b. increase Parasympathetic, decrease SNS
c. Increase SNS, increase Parasympathetic
d. Decrease SNS, decrease Parasympathetic
e. increase Parasympathetic, SNS remains the same
b. increase Parasympathetic, decrease SNS
Kindling may be associated with which of the following?
a. depression
b. sleep apnea
c. binge drinking
d. schizophrenia
c. binge drinking
PGO (pontine geniculate occipital) spikes are associated with what sleep stage?
a. REM
b. NREM stage I
c. NREM stage II
d. NREM stage III
e. NREM stage IV
a. REM
Leptin from adipose had what effect(s). Pick all correct answers.
a. increased hunger
b. increased energy utilization
c. increased food intake
d. decreased food intake
b. increased energy utilization
d. decreased food intake
(Leptin thins)
A 30% increase in rheobase in motor neurons occurs during what sleep stage?
a. NREM stage I
b. NREM stage II
c. NREM stage III
d. NREM stage IV
e. REM
e. REM
Increased levels of what hormone may be associated with weight gain associated with sleepdeprivation by increasing feelings of hunger and increasing food intake?
a. leptin
b. ghrelin
c. thyroxine
d. cortisol
e. growth hormone
b. ghrelin
A common cause of epilepsy is head trauma.
a. true
b. false
a. true
Which of the following is not a precipitating cause of a seizure?
a. fever
b. flashing lights
c. acidosis
d. hyperventilation
c. acidosis (alkalosis is a cause)
Which of the following cognitive symptom associated with schizophrenia involves theprefrontal cortex?
a. poor attention
b. deficits in working memory
c. hallucinations
d. flat effect
b. deficits in working memory
Positive schizophrenic symptoms like delusions and hallucinations are associated with whatexcessive dopaminergic projection activity that originate in the ventral tegmental area?
a. mesocortical
b. mesolimbic
c. mesostriatal
d. mesocerebellar
b. mesolimbic
Negative schizophrenic symptoms like poverty of speech and anhedonia are associated with what excessive dopaminergic projection activity that originate in the ventral tegmental area?
a. mesocortical
b. mesolimbic
c. mesostriatal
d. mesocerebellar
a. mesocortical
In schizophrenia, exaggerated activity of dopaminergic projections from the ventraltegmental area to the neocortex is associated with which of the following?
a. flat affect
b. hallucinations
c. illogical thinking
d. delusions
a. flat affect (withdrawn with no personality)
How likely is an identical twin to become schizophrenia if the other identical twin developsthe disease?
a. less than 1%
b. 10%
c. 40%
d. 100%
c. 40%
Schizophrenics may benefit from what type of diet?
a. high protein, low fat
b. high carbohydrate
c. gluten free
d. a diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids
c. gluten free
Bipolar’s may benefit from what type of diet?
a. high protein, low fat
b. high carbohydrate
c. gluten free
d. a diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids
d. a diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids
Over the last century the decline in the average age of the onset of depression is thought tobe due to what reason?
a. stress
b. genetics
c. radiation
d. free radical damage
a. stress
Unipolar depression is associated with decreased levels of what neurotransmitters? (Pick allcorrect answers)
a. norepinephrine
b. acetylcholine
c. substance P
d. serotonin
e. glutamate
a. norepinephrine
d. serotonin
Lack of the parasympathetic nervous system activity is a key finding in all anxiety disorders.
a. true
b. false
b. false
Infusion of what substance will induce a panic attack in a person who is predisposed to that condition? (Choose all)
a. morphine
b. sodium pentobarbital
c. isotonic saline
d. sodium lactate
e. carbon dioxide
d. sodium lactate
e. carbon dioxide
Which of the following non drug treatments for depression is relatively new and received FDA approval in 2008 and also has other applications like treating asperger’s?
a. vagal nerve stimulation
b. electroconvulsive shock therapy
c. transcranial magnetic stimulation
d. omega 3 fatty acid supplementation
c. transcranial magnetic stimulation
What is by far the most common emotion associated with chronic back pain?
a. anxiety
b. fear
c. laughter
d. depression
d. depression
Stimulation of what neuronal receptors is associated with opening of chloride channels?
a. NMDA
b. GABA
c. beta adrenergic
d. muscarinic
b. GABA
All areas of the CNS has a blood brain barrier.
a. true
b. false
false
What area of the CNS lacks a blood brain barrier?
posterior pituitary & circumventricular organs (e.g. area postrema & median eminence)
Which of the following will increase cerebral blood flow?
a. increase in local oxygen
b. increase in systemic blood pressure
c. increase in local carbon dioxide
d. increase in pH in the brain
c. increase in local carbon dioxide
Decrease in pH will also increase flow
Which of the following has been shown to bind to cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and help prevent degeneration associated alzheimer’s disease?
a. omega 3 fatty acids
b. nerve growth factor
c. substance P
d. PGD2
b. nerve growth factor
A fairly common side effect of electroconvulsive therapy to treat major depression is which of the following?
a. schizophrenia
b. epilepsy
c. memory loss
d. anterograde amnesia
c. memory loss
The entire CSF volume turns over about how times per day?
a. once
b. three X
c. five X
d. ten X
b. three X
CSF can provide a transport route for neuropeptides to distant sites.
a. true
b. false
true
Activation of what division of the autonomic nervous system inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes and results in a suppression of the immune response?
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
c. enteric
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
a. sympathetic
Which of the following is a CNS effect of alpha MSH on the hypothalamus?
a. promote fever
b. stimulate thirst centers
c. negate fever
d. stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
c. negate fever
Which of the following substances is associated with producing a fever state?
a. alpha MSH
b. nerve growth factor
c. norepinephrine
d. interleukin I
d. interleukin I
What is considered a normal cranial sacral rhythm?
a. 6 Cycles/sec
b. 60 Cycles/second
c. 6 Cycles/minute
d. 60 Cycles/minute
c. 6 Cycles/minute
What neuropeptide in autonomic nerves innervating the thymus, spleen and lymph nodeshelp regulate immune cells?
a. NPY
b. norepinephrine
c. leptin
d. prolactin
a. NPY
Cellular adhesion molecules, NK cell function, and T cell function are diminished in which of the following situations?
a. panic attacks
b. epilepsy
c. spinal cord injury
d. schizophrenia
c. spinal cord injury
Immune cells can produce neurologically active peptides such as ACTH and VIP.
a. true
b. false
true
Experimentally if two adjacent digits are sewn together, the following might be expected to occur?
a. cortical reorganization, whereby the two digits cannot be controlled individually
b. cortical degeneration, the sewn together digits will become progressively paralysed
c. an increase in cortical area devoted to both digits, greater than the sum previously
d. no change in the cortical area devoted to both digits
a. cortical reorganization, whereby the two digits cannot be controlled individually
In mice, what can prolong lifespan?
a. immobilization stress
b. melatonin administration
c. naltrexone administration
d. norepinephrine administration
b. melatonin administration
Following injury new neural connections can reform in both the CNS and PNS.
a. true
b. false
true
In neonatal mice what increased the number of degranulated acidophilic cells in the anteriorpituitary, a sign of degeneration?
a. thymectomy
b. thyroidectomy
c. lesion of the cerebellum
d. removal of the adrenal glands
a. thymectomy
In old mice, what restores thymic capacity to produce thymulin?
a. dopamine
b. tyrosine
c. L-thyroxine
d. insulin
c. L-thyroxine
Compare the regenerative capacity of the PNS to the CNS.
a. PNS > CNS
b. CNS > PNS
c. PNS = CNS
a. PNS > CNS
Astrocytes communicate among themselves & with neurons by what mechanism?
a. Mg++ waves
b. Ca++ waves
c. action potentials
d. neuropeptides
b. Ca++ waves
Astrocytes typically inhibit aynaptogenesis.
a. true
b. false
false
Somnabulism (sleep walking) typically occurs during which of the following?
a. gran mal seizure
b. REM sleep
c. slow wave sleep
d. depression
c. slow wave sleep
Which of the following has been shown to cause the brain to age up to 20 X faster than normal with a loss of gray matter?
a. schizophrenia
b. chronic low back pain
c. panic attacks
d. all of the above
b. chronic low back pain
What area of the CNS functions as a endogenous (biologic) clock entraining circadian rhythms?
a. raphe nucleus
b. nucleus of the tractus solitarius
c. basal ganglia
d. suprachiasmatic nucleus
d. suprachiasmatic nucleus
