Midterm Exam Flashcards
In what cortical layer would you find the internal granular layer?
Layer 4
In what cortical layer would you find mostly axons?
Layer 1
In what cortical layer would you find the internal pyramidal layer?
Layer 5
In what cortical layer would you find external pyramidal layer?
Layer 3
In what cortical layer would you find the external granular layer?
Layer 2
In what cortical layer would you find a mixture of tissues?
Layer 6
Inhibitory granule cells release primarily what neurotransmitter?
GABA
stimulatory granule cells release primarily what neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
In the human cerebral cortex the largest percentage of cortical tissue produce movementswhen electrically stimulated.
a. true
b. false
False
Which cortical association area is associated with executive functions of behavior?
prefrontal association area
Norepinephrine projections to widespread cortical areas, originates primarily from which area?
Locus ceruleus
Serotonin projections to widespread cortical areas, originates primarily from which area?
Raphe nucleus
Acetylcholine (ACH ) projections to widespread cortical areas, originates primarily from which area?
Mangocellular area of pons
Glutamate projections to widespread cortical areas, originates primarily from which area?
intralaminar area of the thalamus
Most incoming sensory signals terminate in what cortical layer?
Layer 4, internal granular layer
The major efferent output from cortex to the spinal cord originates from which cells?
Pyramidal cells, layer 3 & 5
Fusiform layers make up which cortical layer?
Layer 6
Cortical neurons in the association areas can change their function as functional demand changes.
a. true
b. false
True
According to Michael Merzenich, babies are born ___________.
Stupid
Cortical neurons that fire, when we observe somebody doing something that helps us relate to what they are doing and perhaps is important in our acquiring those motor skills describes
which neuron?
Mirror neurons
What pathway is important in emotional response transfer between anterior portions of rightand left temporal lobes?
Anterior commisure
What is the normal function of cells in the orbital frontal cortex?
function as an error detector, fire when expectation not met. (Like in OCD)
Most left handed individuals have the following cortical dominance?
Left 70%
Are left or right handed people more likely for dual cortical dominance?
Left 15%, right 0%
In individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the left hemisphere tends to match objects based on which criteria?
Function
In individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the right hemisphere tends to match objects based on which criteria?
Appearance
After identification of a face, projections from the fusiform gyrus to which area allow us to gage the emotional significance, if any, of what has been identified?
Amygdala
After Phineas Gage recovered what about him changed?
He made a full physical recovery, but personality altered
What symptoms are associated with prefrontal labotomies?
a. loss of ability to solve complex problems
b. DECREASED level of aggressiveness
c. loss of ambition
d. purposeless motor activity
Normally what allows the bulk of information transfer between cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
In most people the right cortex is actually dominate for which functions?
Non-verbal visual experiences
In most people the left cortex is actually dominate for which functions?
Solving complex math problems
In most people the frontal cortex is actually dominate for which functions?
Prognostication
What is one function of the ventromedial region of the frontal lobe?
Processing of emotion
One major side effect electroconvulsive shock therapy for depression is?
Memory loss
The size of a cortical cell body correlates best with?
The length of its axon
Every cubic inch of cerebral cortex has about how many miles of nerve fibers in it?
10,000
Which areais most important in declarative/reflective/episodic memory function?
Hippocampus
Which area is important in reflexive learning or memory, i.e. physical skills repeatedover and over.
Cerebellum
The hippocampus receives its primary input from the entorhinal cortex via which twopathways?
Alveolar and perforant pathways
Which area promotes more flexible associations with memory function, i.e.recognizing a business colleague at the grocery store.
Hippocampus
In memory, the links between individual neurons, which bind them into a single memory are formed through which process?
Long term potentiation
The NMDA receptor is associated with synaptic learning and memory. Which of the following statements regarding its function is true?
a. it is strictly ligand gated
b. it is strictly voltage gated
c. it is both ligand and voltage gated
d. it is neither ligand nor voltage gated
c. it is both ligand and voltage gated
Habituation is best described as?
a. seen following a noxious stimulus
b. important in acquisition of language
c. decrease in response to repetitive benign stimulus
d. association between unconditioned & conditioned stimulus
c. decrease in response to repetitive benign stimulus
Sensitization is best described as?
a. seen following a noxious stimulus
b. important in acquisition of language
c. decrease in response to repetitive benign stimulus
d. association between unconditioned & conditioned stimulus
a. seen following a noxious stimulus
Imitative learning is best described as?
a. seen following a noxious stimulus
b. important in acquisition of language
c. decrease in response to repetitive benign stimulus
d. association between unconditioned & conditioned stimulus
b. important in acquisition of language
Innervated cells release what substances that promote proper innervation of those cells?
Nerve growth factors
Coherent waves, interference patterns, principal of reconstruction, redundancy of recording are all associated with?
Holographic memory
What area controls the overall level of cortical activity, is excitatory, and a lesion here willresult in coma?
Reticular formation of the pons
In HM, what memory function was still intact following his hippocampal removal.
Reflexive memory
Cells of the oral pontine reticular formation associated with wakefulness and tonic corticalactivation release what neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
Strong stimulation in the central gray surrounding the aqueduct of sylvius is associated with?
An Unpleasant feeling
Ventral tegmental area is associated with which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
The Magnocellular nucleus is associated with which neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
The Locus ceruleus is associated with which neurotransmitter?
Norepinephrine
What area exerts control over both, SNS and parasympathetic nervous system, as well as the pituitary gland?
Hypothalmus
Which of the following was not part of the original “Papez circuit”?a. cingulated gyrus
b. hippocampal formation
c. amygdala
d. mamillary body
Amygdala
Stimulation in this area will cause an animal to stop the undesired behavior?
central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvius
What are the two basic emotional states?
Conservation and arousal
Which hypothalamic nuclei when stimulated is associated with rage, fighting, thirst?
Lateral hypothalmus
Satiety and tranquility is associated with stimulation of what hypothalamic nucleus/area?
Ventralmedial nucleus
Which area of the cortex functions as a gutter, which highly processed sensory signals drain into after complex sensory processing?
Hippocampus
Bilateral ablation of the amygdala is associated with all of the following except?
a. loss of fear
b. decreased sex drive
c. excessive tendency to examine objects orally
d. changes in dietary habits
B. decreased sex drive.
Who said “your beliefs become your thought, your thoughts become your words, your wordsbecome your actions, your actions become your habits, your habits become your values, your
values become your destiny?
B. J. Palmer
