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Nuerophysiology 3 > Final extra 1 > Flashcards

Final extra 1 Flashcards

1
Q

arousal states appear to be determined by interactions in which areas of the brain

A

brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal forebrain

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2
Q

<p>dampening of arousal systems with concomitant active inhibition by thalamocortical systems produces</p>

A

<p>sleep</p>

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3
Q

<p>areas maintaining wakefulness include</p>

A

<p>oral pontine reticular formation, midbrain central tegmentum, and posterior hypothalamus</p>

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4
Q

<p>sleep promoting areas are located where</p>

A

<p>midline brainstem (raphe nucleus), dorsolateral medullary reticular formation, anterior hypothalamic preoptic region</p>

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5
Q

<p>sleep modulating center</p>

A

<p>magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert in forebrain</p>

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6
Q

<p>intermingling of both sleep and arousal systems</p>

A

<p>magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert in forebrain</p>

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7
Q

<p>the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert in forebrain projectis acetylcholine projections to which structure in the neocortex</p>

A

<p>midbrian reticular formation</p>

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8
Q

<p>pontomesencephalic cells promote</p>

A

<p>wakefulness</p>

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9
Q

<p>pontomesencephalic cells are located where</p>

A

<p>locus ceruleus and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum</p>

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10
Q

<p>pontomesencephalic cells</p>

A

<p>dopaminergic cells, noradrenergic cells</p>

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11
Q

<p>glutaminergic cells are found where</p>

A

<p>oral pontine reticular formation</p>

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12
Q

<p>sleep is divided into stages based on</p>

A

<p>electroencephalography (EEG), electro-occulogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG)</p>

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13
Q

<p>Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage I</p>

A

<p>(light) theta, delta, low (low amplitude) horizontal eye</p>

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14
Q

<p>Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage II</p>

A

<p>(light) theta, delta, sleep spindles, K complexes</p>

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15
Q

<p>Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage III</p>

A

<p>(deep) high amplitude delta (20-25%)</p>

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16
Q

<p>Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage IV</p>

A

<p>(deep) high amplitude delta (>50%)</p>

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17
Q

<p>EEG resembles awake state or NREM stage I</p>

A

<p>REM</p>

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18
Q

<p>dramatic decrease in EMG activity during</p>

A

<p>REM</p>

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19
Q

<p>produce cortical desynchronization</p>

A

<p>lesions in nucleus tractus solitarius</p>

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20
Q

<p>electrical stimulation of nucleus tractus solitarius produces</p>

A

<p>slow wave sleep (NREM)</p>

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21
Q

<p>direct connections between the nucleus tractus solitarius and the major areas of the limbic system exist, examples of these areas are</p>

A

<p>thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala</p>

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22
Q

<p>lesions in serotonin rich raphe nucleus produce</p>

A

<p>insomnia</p>

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23
Q

<p>produces insomnia by blocking production of serotonin</p>

A

<p>prarchlorophenylalanine (PCPA)</p>

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24
Q

<p>slow wave sleep (NREM) can be restored in PCPA induced insomnia by administration of</p>

A

<p>5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)</p>

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25
Q

<p>serotonin is a precursor for</p>

A

<p>melatonin</p>

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26
Q

<p>synthesized and released by the pineal gland through sympathetic activation from the retino-hypothalamic tract</p>

A

<p>melatonin</p>

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27
Q

<p>enhances sleep</p>

A

<p>melatonin</p>

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28
Q

<p>prolonged bright light stimulation does what to melatonin levels</p>

A

<p>decreases them</p>

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29
Q

<p>induced both slow wave sleep and REM sleep</p>

A

<p>prostaglandin D2</p>

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30
Q

<p>prostaglandin inhibition by indomethacin can do what to diurnal sleep</p>

A

<p>decreases</p>

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31
Q

<p>barbituates</p>

A

<p>sedatives</p>

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32
Q

<p>benzodiazempines</p>

A

<p>hypnotics</p>

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33
Q

<p>sedatives and hypnotics do what to GABA receptors and sleep</p>

A

<p>stimulate GABA receptors and facilitate sleep</p>

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34
Q

<p>rhythmic cortical waveforms generated by oscillatory activity in nucleus reticularis of the thalamus</p>

A

<p>sleep spindles</p>

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35
Q

<p>cortical EEG is highly desynchronized in</p>

A

<p>REM sleep</p>

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36
Q

<p>associated with pontine geniculate occipital (PGO) spikes</p>

A

<p>REM sleep</p>

37
Q

<p>associated with rapid eye movement, changes in respiration, heart rate, muscle twitches, dreaming</p>

A

<p>pontine geniculate occipital (PGO) spikes</p>

38
Q

<p>cholinergic stimulation of the pons induces what</p>

A

<p>REM sleep</p>

39
Q

<p>increase activity or norepinephrine and/or serotonin (REM suppressors)</p>

A

<p>antidepressants</p>

40
Q

<p>progressive decrease in muscle tone during REM sleep is associated with what</p>

A

<p>hyperpolarization of motor neurons</p>

41
Q

<p>levels or rheobase during REM sleep</p>

A

<p>increased 30%</p>

42
Q

<p>characterized by bursts of excessive limb and body movements</p>

A

<p>REM sleep</p>

43
Q

<p>serves as an endogenous clock influencing both sleep and body temperature in a closely coupled fashion</p>

A

<p>suprachiasmatic nucleus</p>

44
Q

<p>how are TSH, cortisol, GH, and prolactin associated with the onset of sleep</p>

A

<p>TSH and cortisol are inhibitied, GH and prolactin are stimulated</p>

45
Q

<p>what are 10 potential sleep promoting factors</p>

A

<p>muramyl peptides, lipopolysaccharides, prostaglandin D2, Interlukin 1, Interferon alpha-2, tumor necrosis factor, delta sleep inducing peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, serotonin/melatonin, prolactin</p>

46
Q

<p>increases feelings of hunger, food intake, and promotes weight gain</p>

A

<p>ghrelin</p>

47
Q

<p>decreases drive for food intake, increases energy utilization, and promotes weight loss</p>

A

<p>leptin</p>

48
Q

<p>increased sleep will do what to lepitn and ghrelin levels</p>

A

<p>increase leptin and decrease ghrelin</p>

49
Q

<p>decreased sleep will do what to leptin and ghrelin levels</p>

A

<p>decrease leptin and increase ghrelin</p>

50
Q

<p>uncontrolled excessive activity of either part or all of the CNS "electrical storm"</p>

A

<p>epilepsy</p>

51
Q

<p>precipitating causes of a seizure</p>

A

<p>strong emotional stimuli, alkalosis (hyperventilation), drugs, fever, loud noises or flashing lights</p>

52
Q

<p>altered sensation prior to seizure, tingling</p>

A

<p>aura</p>

53
Q

<p>rigid stiffening of body, loss of consciousness is which stage of seizure</p>

A

<p>tonic phase of seizure</p>

54
Q

<p>strong muscle contractions and convulsions, over within minutes is which stage of seizure</p>

A

<p>tonic-clonic phase of of seizure</p>

55
Q

<p>return to consciousness; may be associated with confusion, stupor, slurred speech, weakness is which stage of seizure</p>

A

<p>post-ictal phase of seizure</p>

56
Q

<p>treatments for seizures</p>

A

<p>drugs, surgery, vagal stimulator, chiropractic adjustments</p>

57
Q

<p>excessive mesolimbic activity</p>

A

<p>positive symptom for schizophrenia</p>

58
Q

<p>positive symptoms of schizophrenia</p>

A

<p>distortion, delusions, hallucinations, bizarre behavior, illogical thinking, excessive mesolimbic activity</p>

59
Q

<p>excessive mesocortical activity</p>

A

<p>negative symptom for schizophrenia</p>

60
Q

<p>negative symptoms for schizophrenia</p>

A

<p>alogoria (poverty of speech), flat affect (decrease emotional expression), anhedonia (pleasure inability), avolition (inability to persist with goals), attentional impairment, low prefrontal cortex activity, large ventricles</p>

61
Q

<p>prominent sulci are involved with?</p>

A

<p>schizophrenia</p>

62
Q

<p>which are more likely to be schizophrenic, monozygotic twins or monozygotic twins</p>

A

<p>monozygotic twins</p>

63
Q

<p>mental disorder associated with celiac disease</p>

A

<p>schizophrenia</p>

64
Q

<p>exaggerated dopamine activity could cause</p>

A

<p>schizophrenia</p>

65
Q

<p>an excess of black bile was though to cause what</p>

A

<p>unipolar depression</p>

66
Q

<p>inability to experience pleasure</p>

A

<p>anhedonia</p>

67
Q

<p>non genetic factors that could cause schizophrenia</p>

A

<p>poor nutrition, infections during pregnancy, toxins (damage neurons or affect NT system), radiation (mutations)</p>

68
Q

<p>which schizophrenic symptoms tend to impair the person's ability to function in daily life to a greater extent; positive or negative</p>

A

<p>negative symptom for schizophrenia</p>

69
Q

<p>which amino acid carrier systems are dependent of energy and sodium</p>

A

<p>A system, and ACS system</p>

70
Q

<p>which amino acid carrier systems are independent of energy and sodium</p>

A

<p>L system</p>

71
Q

<p>which division of the nervous system has a greater ability to repair and regenerate; PNS or CNS</p>

A

<p>PNS</p>

72
Q

<p>after injury, what can stimulate the synthesis and secretion of nerve growth factor</p>

A

<p>IL-1</p>

73
Q

<p>characteristics of apoptosis</p>

A

<p>cell shrinkage, condensation of chromatin, cellular fragmentation, phagocytosis of cellular remnants</p>

74
Q

<p>large neutral amino acids with branched or ring side chains (leucine, valine) are associated with which BBB AA system</p>

A

<p>L system</p>

75
Q

<p>neutral AA with short linear or polar sidechains (alanine, serine) are associated with which BBB AA system</p>

A

<p>A system</p>

76
Q

<p>may limit accumulation of glycine in cord and glutamate in the brain</p>

A

<p>A system</p>

77
Q

<p>alanine, serine, and cystein are associated with which BBB AA system</p>

A

<p>ACS system</p>

78
Q

<p>lymphocytes posses receptors for which products</p>

A

<p>VIP, NPY, substance P</p>

79
Q

<p>parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) produces insomnia by what mechanism</p>

A

<p>blocks production of serotonin</p>

80
Q

<p>which of the following substances is produced and released from the pineal gland and is suppressed by prolonged bright light stimulation and enhances sleep</p>

A

<p>melatonin</p>

81
Q

<p>highly concentrated in the preoptic nucleus and induces both slow wave and REM sleep</p>

A

<p>prostaglandin D2</p>

82
Q

<p>many potential sleep promoting factors also posses which of the following functions</p>

A

<p>immune functions</p>

83
Q

<p>a lack of which neurotransmitters may be involved in depression</p>

A

<p>serotonin, and norepinephrine</p>

84
Q

<p>which treatment for depression can result in a positive change in aminergic receptor sensitivity</p>

A

<p>ECT</p>

85
Q

<p>what treatment is effective at terminating manic episodes and has inhibitory effects on neuronal signal transduction systems</p>

A

<p>lithium salts</p>

86
Q

<p>in panic attacks, what nervous system abnormality surfaces</p>

A

<p>over activity of SNS</p>

87
Q

<p>the blood brain barrier is not found in which areas</p>

A

<p>posterior and circumventricular organs, area postrema, median eminence</p>

88
Q

the phenomenon of increased sensitivity of the nervous system due to multiple acute withdrawls of a sedative-hypnotic drug is known as?

A

Kindling

Nuerophysiology 3 (7 decks)

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