Final extra 1 Flashcards
arousal states appear to be determined by interactions in which areas of the brain
brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal forebrain
<p>dampening of arousal systems with concomitant active inhibition by thalamocortical systems produces</p>
<p>sleep</p>
<p>areas maintaining wakefulness include</p>
<p>oral pontine reticular formation, midbrain central tegmentum, and posterior hypothalamus</p>
<p>sleep promoting areas are located where</p>
<p>midline brainstem (raphe nucleus), dorsolateral medullary reticular formation, anterior hypothalamic preoptic region</p>
<p>sleep modulating center</p>
<p>magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert in forebrain</p>
<p>intermingling of both sleep and arousal systems</p>
<p>magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert in forebrain</p>
<p>the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert in forebrain projectis acetylcholine projections to which structure in the neocortex</p>
<p>midbrian reticular formation</p>
<p>pontomesencephalic cells promote</p>
<p>wakefulness</p>
<p>pontomesencephalic cells are located where</p>
<p>locus ceruleus and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum</p>
<p>pontomesencephalic cells</p>
<p>dopaminergic cells, noradrenergic cells</p>
<p>glutaminergic cells are found where</p>
<p>oral pontine reticular formation</p>
<p>sleep is divided into stages based on</p>
<p>electroencephalography (EEG), electro-occulogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG)</p>
<p>Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage I</p>
<p>(light) theta, delta, low (low amplitude) horizontal eye</p>
<p>Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage II</p>
<p>(light) theta, delta, sleep spindles, K complexes</p>
<p>Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage III</p>
<p>(deep) high amplitude delta (20-25%)</p>
<p>Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage IV</p>
<p>(deep) high amplitude delta (>50%)</p>
<p>EEG resembles awake state or NREM stage I</p>
<p>REM</p>
<p>dramatic decrease in EMG activity during</p>
<p>REM</p>
<p>produce cortical desynchronization</p>
<p>lesions in nucleus tractus solitarius</p>
<p>electrical stimulation of nucleus tractus solitarius produces</p>
<p>slow wave sleep (NREM)</p>
<p>direct connections between the nucleus tractus solitarius and the major areas of the limbic system exist, examples of these areas are</p>
<p>thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala</p>
<p>lesions in serotonin rich raphe nucleus produce</p>
<p>insomnia</p>
<p>produces insomnia by blocking production of serotonin</p>
<p>prarchlorophenylalanine (PCPA)</p>
<p>slow wave sleep (NREM) can be restored in PCPA induced insomnia by administration of</p>
<p>5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)</p>
<p>serotonin is a precursor for</p>
<p>melatonin</p>
<p>synthesized and released by the pineal gland through sympathetic activation from the retino-hypothalamic tract</p>
<p>melatonin</p>
<p>enhances sleep</p>
<p>melatonin</p>
<p>prolonged bright light stimulation does what to melatonin levels</p>
<p>decreases them</p>
<p>induced both slow wave sleep and REM sleep</p>
<p>prostaglandin D2</p>
<p>prostaglandin inhibition by indomethacin can do what to diurnal sleep</p>
<p>decreases</p>
<p>barbituates</p>
<p>sedatives</p>
<p>benzodiazempines</p>
<p>hypnotics</p>
<p>sedatives and hypnotics do what to GABA receptors and sleep</p>
<p>stimulate GABA receptors and facilitate sleep</p>
<p>rhythmic cortical waveforms generated by oscillatory activity in nucleus reticularis of the thalamus</p>
<p>sleep spindles</p>
<p>cortical EEG is highly desynchronized in</p>
<p>REM sleep</p>
<p>associated with pontine geniculate occipital (PGO) spikes</p>
<p>REM sleep</p>
<p>associated with rapid eye movement, changes in respiration, heart rate, muscle twitches, dreaming</p>
<p>pontine geniculate occipital (PGO) spikes</p>
<p>cholinergic stimulation of the pons induces what</p>
<p>REM sleep</p>
<p>increase activity or norepinephrine and/or serotonin (REM suppressors)</p>
<p>antidepressants</p>
<p>progressive decrease in muscle tone during REM sleep is associated with what</p>
<p>hyperpolarization of motor neurons</p>
<p>levels or rheobase during REM sleep</p>
<p>increased 30%</p>
<p>characterized by bursts of excessive limb and body movements</p>
<p>REM sleep</p>
<p>serves as an endogenous clock influencing both sleep and body temperature in a closely coupled fashion</p>
<p>suprachiasmatic nucleus</p>
<p>how are TSH, cortisol, GH, and prolactin associated with the onset of sleep</p>
<p>TSH and cortisol are inhibitied, GH and prolactin are stimulated</p>
<p>what are 10 potential sleep promoting factors</p>
<p>muramyl peptides, lipopolysaccharides, prostaglandin D2, Interlukin 1, Interferon alpha-2, tumor necrosis factor, delta sleep inducing peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, serotonin/melatonin, prolactin</p>
<p>increases feelings of hunger, food intake, and promotes weight gain</p>
<p>ghrelin</p>
<p>decreases drive for food intake, increases energy utilization, and promotes weight loss</p>
<p>leptin</p>
<p>increased sleep will do what to lepitn and ghrelin levels</p>
<p>increase leptin and decrease ghrelin</p>
<p>decreased sleep will do what to leptin and ghrelin levels</p>
<p>decrease leptin and increase ghrelin</p>
<p>uncontrolled excessive activity of either part or all of the CNS "electrical storm"</p>
<p>epilepsy</p>
<p>precipitating causes of a seizure</p>
<p>strong emotional stimuli, alkalosis (hyperventilation), drugs, fever, loud noises or flashing lights</p>
<p>altered sensation prior to seizure, tingling</p>
<p>aura</p>
<p>rigid stiffening of body, loss of consciousness is which stage of seizure</p>
<p>tonic phase of seizure</p>
<p>strong muscle contractions and convulsions, over within minutes is which stage of seizure</p>
<p>tonic-clonic phase of of seizure</p>
<p>return to consciousness; may be associated with confusion, stupor, slurred speech, weakness is which stage of seizure</p>
<p>post-ictal phase of seizure</p>
<p>treatments for seizures</p>
<p>drugs, surgery, vagal stimulator, chiropractic adjustments</p>
<p>excessive mesolimbic activity</p>
<p>positive symptom for schizophrenia</p>
<p>positive symptoms of schizophrenia</p>
<p>distortion, delusions, hallucinations, bizarre behavior, illogical thinking, excessive mesolimbic activity</p>
<p>excessive mesocortical activity</p>
<p>negative symptom for schizophrenia</p>
<p>negative symptoms for schizophrenia</p>
<p>alogoria (poverty of speech), flat affect (decrease emotional expression), anhedonia (pleasure inability), avolition (inability to persist with goals), attentional impairment, low prefrontal cortex activity, large ventricles</p>
<p>prominent sulci are involved with?</p>
<p>schizophrenia</p>
<p>which are more likely to be schizophrenic, monozygotic twins or monozygotic twins</p>
<p>monozygotic twins</p>
<p>mental disorder associated with celiac disease</p>
<p>schizophrenia</p>
<p>exaggerated dopamine activity could cause</p>
<p>schizophrenia</p>
<p>an excess of black bile was though to cause what</p>
<p>unipolar depression</p>
<p>inability to experience pleasure</p>
<p>anhedonia</p>
<p>non genetic factors that could cause schizophrenia</p>
<p>poor nutrition, infections during pregnancy, toxins (damage neurons or affect NT system), radiation (mutations)</p>
<p>which schizophrenic symptoms tend to impair the person's ability to function in daily life to a greater extent; positive or negative</p>
<p>negative symptom for schizophrenia</p>
<p>which amino acid carrier systems are dependent of energy and sodium</p>
<p>A system, and ACS system</p>
<p>which amino acid carrier systems are independent of energy and sodium</p>
<p>L system</p>
<p>which division of the nervous system has a greater ability to repair and regenerate; PNS or CNS</p>
<p>PNS</p>
<p>after injury, what can stimulate the synthesis and secretion of nerve growth factor</p>
<p>IL-1</p>
<p>characteristics of apoptosis</p>
<p>cell shrinkage, condensation of chromatin, cellular fragmentation, phagocytosis of cellular remnants</p>
<p>large neutral amino acids with branched or ring side chains (leucine, valine) are associated with which BBB AA system</p>
<p>L system</p>
<p>neutral AA with short linear or polar sidechains (alanine, serine) are associated with which BBB AA system</p>
<p>A system</p>
<p>may limit accumulation of glycine in cord and glutamate in the brain</p>
<p>A system</p>
<p>alanine, serine, and cystein are associated with which BBB AA system</p>
<p>ACS system</p>
<p>lymphocytes posses receptors for which products</p>
<p>VIP, NPY, substance P</p>
<p>parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) produces insomnia by what mechanism</p>
<p>blocks production of serotonin</p>
<p>which of the following substances is produced and released from the pineal gland and is suppressed by prolonged bright light stimulation and enhances sleep</p>
<p>melatonin</p>
<p>highly concentrated in the preoptic nucleus and induces both slow wave and REM sleep</p>
<p>prostaglandin D2</p>
<p>many potential sleep promoting factors also posses which of the following functions</p>
<p>immune functions</p>
<p>a lack of which neurotransmitters may be involved in depression</p>
<p>serotonin, and norepinephrine</p>
<p>which treatment for depression can result in a positive change in aminergic receptor sensitivity</p>
<p>ECT</p>
<p>what treatment is effective at terminating manic episodes and has inhibitory effects on neuronal signal transduction systems</p>
<p>lithium salts</p>
<p>in panic attacks, what nervous system abnormality surfaces</p>
<p>over activity of SNS</p>
<p>the blood brain barrier is not found in which areas</p>
<p>posterior and circumventricular organs, area postrema, median eminence</p>
the phenomenon of increased sensitivity of the nervous system due to multiple acute withdrawls of a sedative-hypnotic drug is known as?
Kindling
