Salivary Glands

Question 1

What are the two types of salivary glands
And how much saliva do each type account for?

Answer 1

Extrinsic 90% and intrinsic 10%

Question 2

What salivary glands are extrinsic

Answer 2

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

Question 3

What makes a salivary gland extrinsic

Answer 3

Outside of the oral cavity

Question 4

What salivary glands are intrinsic

Answer 4

Buccal
Labial
Palatine

Question 5

What is the difference between the frequency of secretion of intrinsic and extrinsic glands

Answer 5

Intrinsic - secreting saliva at a constant rate
Extrinsic - secreted saliva based on a stimulus

Question 6

How does saliva from extrinsic salivary glands enter the oral cavity?

Answer 6

Through ducts

Question 7

Where does the parotid duct empty into

Answer 7

Around the second [maxilllary]molar

Question 8

Where does the submandibular [Warton’s] duct empty

Answer 8

Around base of the tongue called the lingual frenulum

Question 9

How many sublingual ducts are there and where do they empty

Answer 9

10-20 ducts
Base of the tongue

Question 10

What are two types of cells that form the extrinsic salivary glands

Answer 10

Serous
Mucus

Question 11

What type of cells is the parotid gland primarily made of

Answer 11

Serous

Question 12

What is the cell composition of submandibular gland

Answer 12

Mix of serous and mucus

Question 13

What type of cells is the sublingual gland primarily made of

Answer 13

Mucus
[does have a few serous]

Question 14

Where are the superior and inferior salivatory nucleuses found

Answer 14

In the brainstem around the pons

Question 15

What nerve innervates both the submandibular and the sublingual glands

Answer 15

The facial nerve

Question 16

Where does the stimulatory action potential originate from for salivation from the submandibular and the sublingual glads

Answer 16

Superior salivatory nucleus

Question 17

What cranial nerve and nerve innervates the parotid gland

Answer 17

Glossopharyngeal
Lesser perfusal nerve

Question 18

Where does the stimulatory action potential originate from for salivation from the parotid gland

Answer 18

Inferior salivatory nucleus

Question 19

What receptors/ things are responsible for stimulation of the superior and inferior salivatory nucleus?

Answer 19

Sight, smell, thought
Chemoreceptors eg. Acidic
Mechanoreceptors eg. Chewing

Question 20

How is salivation controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 20

Cranial nerves 7 and 9
Act to increase the volume for saliva that is water and electrolyte rich

Question 21

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect salivation

Answer 21

Wants saliva that is protein rich so is thicker

Question 22

What spinal vertebrae does the superior cervical ganglion come from

Answer 22

About t1 to t4 ish

Question 23

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system release to stimulate salivation

Answer 23

Acetylcholine

Question 24

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system release to stimulate salivation

Answer 24

Noradrenaline

Question 25

What is the name for the process when water moves into the lumen by squeezing through gaps in cells

Answer 25

Paracellular transport

Question 26

How does water get from the acinar cell into the gland?

Answer 26

Aquaporin 5

Question 27

How does water get into the acinar cells

Answer 27

Aquaporin 3

Question 28

How do chloride ions get out of the acinar cells and into the gland?

Answer 28

CFTR protein channels

Question 29

What are the constituents of the primary secretion ?

Answer 29

Na+ K+ Cl- HCO3- H2O

Question 30

True/ false The primary secretion is NOT isotonic

Answer 30

False

Question 31

What happens to the concentration of Na+ and Cl- in the secondary secretion

Answer 31

Decrease

Question 32

How does the concentrations of Na+ and Cl- change in the secondary secretion

Answer 32

Decreases Na+ exchanged for a proton Cl- exchanged for bicarbonate

Question 33

What is the difference between the make up of the primary vs secondary secretion

Answer 33

Primary = isotonic (in relation to blood plasma). [H2O] = [Na+] + [Cl-] Secondary = hypotonic (in relation to blood plasma). [H2O] > [Na+] + [Cl-]

Question 34

What receptors does acetyl choline attach to

Answer 34

M3

Question 35

How does acetylcholine increase the volume of h20 and electrolyte secretion from acinar cells?

Answer 35

Ach binds to M3 and stimulates Gq Gq usually bound to GDP but binds to GTP when stimulated Stimulates PLC which breaks down PIP2 into DAG and IP3 IP3 stimulates increase in Ca2+ levels inside the cell DAG activates kinases which phosphorylates channels that increases secretion of water and Na+ K+ Cl- ect

Question 36

What receptors does norepinephrine bind to

Answer 36

Beta receptors

Question 37

How does noradrenaline promote thicker saliva production

Answer 37

Binds to beta receptors Activates g stimulatory protein which is usually bound to GDP but binds to GTP when activated Stimulates adenyl cyclase ATP -> cAMP which stimulates PKA PKA stimulates exocytosis of protein rich granules Enzymes and proteins -> lumen area Mucin and salivary amylase

Question 38

How does norepinephrine affect blood flow around acinar cells

Answer 38

Vasoconstriction Decreases blood flow Decreases water and electrolyte secretion as they come from the blood

Question 39

What are the functions of saliva

Answer 39

Oral hygiene Antimicrobial Chemical digestion Hydrate oral cavity and food Increase taste of substances Decreases incidence of cavities

Question 40

What parts of saliva make it anti microbial

Answer 40

IgA Cystatins Histatins Lysozymes

Question 41

What constituent of the saliva helps maintain enamel on teeth

Answer 41

Proline rich proteins

Question 42

Where does IgA bind on salivary gland cells

Answer 42

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor on the apical membrane of acinar cells