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GI > Salivary Glands > Flashcards

Salivary Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of salivary glands
And how much saliva do each type account for?

A

Extrinsic 90% and intrinsic 10%

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2
Q

What salivary glands are extrinsic

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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3
Q

What makes a salivary gland extrinsic

A

Outside of the oral cavity

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4
Q

What salivary glands are intrinsic

A

Buccal
Labial
Palatine

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5
Q

What is the difference between the frequency of secretion of intrinsic and extrinsic glands

A

Intrinsic - secreting saliva at a constant rate
Extrinsic - secreted saliva based on a stimulus

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6
Q

How does saliva from extrinsic salivary glands enter the oral cavity?

A

Through ducts

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7
Q

Where does the parotid duct empty into

A

Around the second [maxilllary]molar

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8
Q

Where does the submandibular [Warton’s] duct empty

A

Around base of the tongue called the lingual frenulum

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9
Q

How many sublingual ducts are there and where do they empty

A

10-20 ducts
Base of the tongue

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10
Q

What are two types of cells that form the extrinsic salivary glands

A

Serous
Mucus

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11
Q

What type of cells is the parotid gland primarily made of

A

Serous

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12
Q

What is the cell composition of submandibular gland

A

Mix of serous and mucus

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13
Q

What type of cells is the sublingual gland primarily made of

A

Mucus
[does have a few serous]

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14
Q

Where are the superior and inferior salivatory nucleuses found

A

In the brainstem around the pons

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15
Q

What nerve innervates both the submandibular and the sublingual glands

A

The facial nerve

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16
Q

Where does the stimulatory action potential originate from for salivation from the submandibular and the sublingual glads

A

Superior salivatory nucleus

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17
Q

What cranial nerve and nerve innervates the parotid gland

A

Glossopharyngeal
Lesser perfusal nerve

18
Q

Where does the stimulatory action potential originate from for salivation from the parotid gland

A

Inferior salivatory nucleus

19
Q

What receptors/ things are responsible for stimulation of the superior and inferior salivatory nucleus?

A

Sight, smell, thought
Chemoreceptors eg. Acidic
Mechanoreceptors eg. Chewing

20
Q

How is salivation controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cranial nerves 7 and 9
Act to increase the volume for saliva that is water and electrolyte rich

21
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect salivation

A

Wants saliva that is protein rich so is thicker

22
Q

What spinal vertebrae does the superior cervical ganglion come from

A

About t1 to t4 ish

23
Q

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system release to stimulate salivation

A

Acetylcholine

24
Q

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system release to stimulate salivation

A

Noradrenaline

25
Q

What is the name for the process when water moves into the lumen by squeezing through gaps in cells

A

Paracellular transport

26
Q

How does water get from the acinar cell into the gland?

A

Aquaporin 5

27
Q

How does water get into the acinar cells

A

Aquaporin 3

28
Q

How do chloride ions get out of the acinar cells and into the gland?

A

CFTR protein channels

29
Q

What are the constituents of the primary secretion ?

A

Na+ K+ Cl- HCO3- H2O

30
Q

True/ false
The primary secretion is NOT isotonic

A

False

31
Q

What happens to the concentration of Na+ and Cl- in the secondary secretion

A

Decrease

32
Q

How does the concentrations of Na+ and Cl- change in the secondary secretion

A

Decreases
Na+ exchanged for a proton
Cl- exchanged for bicarbonate

33
Q

What is the difference between the make up of the primary vs secondary secretion

A

Primary = isotonic (in relation to blood plasma). [H2O] = [Na+] + [Cl-]
Secondary = hypotonic (in relation to blood plasma). [H2O] > [Na+] + [Cl-]

34
Q

What receptors does acetyl choline attach to

A

M3

35
Q

How does acetylcholine increase the volume of h20 and electrolyte secretion from acinar cells?

A

Ach binds to M3 and stimulates Gq
Gq usually bound to GDP but binds to GTP when stimulated
Stimulates PLC which breaks down PIP2 into DAG and IP3
IP3 stimulates increase in Ca2+ levels inside the cell
DAG activates kinases which phosphorylates channels that increases secretion of water and Na+ K+ Cl- ect

36
Q

What receptors does norepinephrine bind to

A

Beta receptors

37
Q

How does noradrenaline promote thicker saliva production

A

Binds to beta receptors
Activates g stimulatory protein which is usually bound to GDP but binds to GTP when activated
Stimulates adenyl cyclase
ATP -> cAMP which stimulates PKA
PKA stimulates exocytosis of protein rich granules
Enzymes and proteins -> lumen area
Mucin and salivary amylase

38
Q

How does norepinephrine affect blood flow around acinar cells

A

Vasoconstriction
Decreases blood flow
Decreases water and electrolyte secretion as they come from the blood

39
Q

What are the functions of saliva

A

Oral hygiene
Antimicrobial
Chemical digestion
Hydrate oral cavity and food
Increase taste of substances
Decreases incidence of cavities

40
Q

What parts of saliva make it anti microbial

A

IgA
Cystatins
Histatins
Lysozymes

41
Q

What constituent of the saliva helps maintain enamel on teeth

A

Proline rich proteins

42
Q

Where does IgA bind on salivary gland cells

A

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor on the apical membrane of acinar cells

GI (17 decks)

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