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GI > 4 Ingestion Of A Meal. > Flashcards

4 Ingestion Of A Meal. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of mastication?

A

Maxilla
Mandible
Skull - temporal
Spine
Hyoid

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2
Q

What are the two key muscles of closing the jaw?

A

Masseter
Temporalis

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3
Q

What are the key muscles of opening the jaw?

A

Lateral pterygoid
Digastric
Infrahyoid

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4
Q

Where does the temporalis arise from and insert?

A

Arises from temporal fossa and inserts onto coronoid process of mandible

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5
Q

What muscle arises from the zygomatic process of the maxilla and inserts into the angle and ramus of the mandible?

A

Masseter

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6
Q

Where does the lateral pteryfoid arise from adn insert?

A

Arises from the sphenoid and inserts into the condyloid process of the mandible

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7
Q

What muscles posterior arises from the mastoid notch and anterior arises from lower border of mandible and both insert onto the hyoid?

A

Digastric

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8
Q

What muscle connects the hyoid and the clavicle?

A

Infrahyoid

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9
Q

What are two mastication reflexes?

A

Jaw unloading reflex
Jaw-jerk reflex

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10
Q

What is occlusion in dentistry terms?

A

Contact between teeth

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11
Q

How does a change in occlusion affect chewing?

A

Alter the chewing pattern

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12
Q

What are the three main movements of mastication?

A

Side to side Lateral movements
Petrusion and retraction
Hinge like up and down

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13
Q

What joint associated with mastication is a bilateral synovial joint?

A

Temporomandibular

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14
Q

What type of movement is the lower compartment of the jaw responsible for?

A

Rotational movemtents

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15
Q

What type of movement is the upper part of the jaw responsible for?

A

Sliding movement

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16
Q

How does saliva maintain the teeth?

A

Dilutes contents of the mouth
Clears the mouth
Buffers any acid made by plaque bacteria

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17
Q

How does saliva lubricate food?

A

Salivary glycoproteins are sticky
Allow them to form a thin layer on oral surfaces and food

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18
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

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19
Q

Describe the process of deglutition

A

Oral/buccal phase is voluntary. Bolus is pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue. Teeth are brought together. Soft palate elevates to close nasal cavity. Larynx rises to close airways
Pharyngeal phase is involuntary. Cricopharyngeal sphincter relaxes to open oesophagus. Epiglottis steers bolus over trachea
Oesophageal - start of peristalsis

20
Q

What does saliva contain that gives its antibacterial/anti fungal properties?

A

IgA and lysozymes

21
Q

What salivary glands are innervated by the facial nerve?

A

Submandibular
Sublingual

22
Q

What salivary gland is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Parotid

23
Q

What is the function of the superior salivary nuclei in the pons?

A

Innervate facial nerve

24
Q

What is the function of the inferior salivary nuclei in the medulla?

A

Innervate glossopharyngeal nerve

25
Q

What are the stimulants of saliva production?

A

Mastication
Taste
Smell
Anticipation [less so]

26
Q

What inhibits salivary production?

A

Fear

27
Q

What is the largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid

28
Q

Where are the minor salivary glands?

A

Palate & tongue

29
Q

How is the saliva produced by the sublingual and the minor glands categorised?

A

Thick mucous

30
Q

What salivary gland produces serous saliva?

A

Parotid

31
Q

What salivary gland produces saliva thats in between serous and mucous?

A

Submandibular

32
Q

All salivary glands secrete both protein and fluid
What is the consistency of saliva determined by?

A

Nature of protein secreted

33
Q

What cells produce saliva?

A

Acinar

34
Q

What ducts modify saliva before secretion?

A

Striated

35
Q

Are acinar cells polarised or non polarised?

A

Polarised

36
Q

Acinar cells have both a basolateral/blood side and an apical/lumenal side.
What side is the nucleus found within?

A

Basolateral/blood side

37
Q

What organelles are found on the apical side of the acinar cells?

A

Secretory vesicles

38
Q

What is the name for the process by which proteins and fluid are secreted from acinar cells?

A

Stimulus- secretion coupling

39
Q

The stimulation of what receptor leads to protein secretion from acinar cells?

A

B adrenergic receptor

40
Q

What type of receptors are a B adrenergic receptors and M3 muscarinic receptors?

A

G protein-coupled receptor

41
Q

Fill in the blanks;
B adrenergic receptor is activated by _______
This activates _______ which then activates _____
Which makes ______
This then enters the nucleus and stimulates gene _____
It also enters the endoplasmic reticulum and ______ which stimulates _____ of proteins that have been made
Its final function is to stimulate _______

A

Noradrenaline
G protein
Adenylate cyclase
Cyclic AMP
Transcription
Golgi
Glycosylation
Exocytosis

42
Q

How does IgA get from the blood into saliva?

A

Receptors on acinar cells
IgA binds to receptor which stimulates endocytosis of receptor with protein
And transcytosis across the cell
And exocytosis of receptor and release of IgA with abit o receptor still attached

43
Q

What substrate binds to PIgR receptor?

A

IgA

44
Q

The stimulation of what receptor leads to fluid secretion in acinar cells?

A

M3 muscarinic receptors

45
Q

Fill in the blanks;
M3 muscarinic receptor is activated by _______
This activates _______ which then activates _____
Which makes ______
This binds to ____ which are _____
This causes the release of ____
Which _____ the calcium concentration
So ion channels are activated and _____ are secreted
Leads to fluid secretion

A

Acetylcholine
G protein
Phospholipase C
IP3
IP3 receptors
Calcium channels
Intracellular calcium
Increases
Electrolytes

GI (17 decks)

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