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Gastrointestinal System > Salivary, Gastric, Intestinal Secretions - Fan 2/19/16 > Flashcards

Salivary, Gastric, Intestinal Secretions - Fan 2/19/16 Flashcards

1
Q

why secrete in the first place?

A
  1. provide digestive enzymes with optimal working environment
    * sm int and pancreas secrete HCO3-rich alkaline fluid to neutralize stomach acid, prevent enzymes from being denatured
  2. passive secretion of water that is pulled in when influx of sugars, a.a.s, peptides increases osmolality of lumen
    * water will diffuse back once these particles are absorbed
  3. protection
  4. excretion of toxic metabolic wastes
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2
Q

general secretory mechanisms

A
  1. enzymes secreted via exocytosis, in response to neuroendocrine factors
  2. fluids (electrolytes/water) via ion movement into lumen (requires energy, one way or another),osmotic gradient that’s set up
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3
Q

salivary secretions

A

1500 mL/day

  • lubrication
    • assists w/ swallowing and speech
  • protection
    • mucus, bicarb, lysozyme (effective against gram+ bacteria), lactoferrin (effective against gram- bacteria), secretory IgA
  • digestion
    • amylase (active in oral cavity), lingual lipases (activated by stomach acid)
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4
Q

characteristics of saliva

A
  • four major ions: Na, HCO3, K, Cl
  • concentrations vary, but a few major trends…
    • always lower in Na and Cl than plasma
    • always higher in K than plasma
    • usually rich in bicarb
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5
Q

2-stage model of saliva secretion

A
  • acinar cells secrete: Na, Cl, K, bicarb, pours water into lumen [isotonic primary solution]
  • secretions move through ductal area, where modifications occur
    • Na reabs, Cl reabs
      • leads to hypotonicity (because ductal tight junctions are super tight, water won’t be able to follow)
    • K secreted, bicarb secreted
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6
Q

acinar cell: ion movements (resting)

A
  • Cl moves from serosal side into cell via Na/Cl cotransporter
  • Cl moves from cell into lumen via Cl/HCO3 ion channel (leaks both of them)
    • both Cl and HCO3 are negatively charged, so K leaks from cell into lumen and from cell to serosal side via K channel
  • Na moves from serosal side to lumen through cell-cell jx
  • water follows!

sets up isotonic primary secretion that moves down to ductal area

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7
Q

acinar cell: ion movements (stimulated)

A

salty food will stimulate the acinar cells, lead to increased Ca within acinar cells

  • stimulates anion channel (Cl/HCO3) and K channel

increase in metabolism will give you increased water and CO2 → increased HCO3 formation

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8
Q

ductal cells: ion movements

A
  • Na reabs through Na/H exchanger
    • Na eventually moves to serosal side via Na/K ATPase
  • H reabs through H/K exchanger (K secreted)
    • K leaks to either side from cell
  • Cl reabs through Cl/HCO3 exchanger
    • leads to increased bicarb secretion
    • Cl leaks to serosal side via chloride channel (ONLY ON SEROSAL SIDE)
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9
Q

regulation of salivary secretion

A

almost 100% neurally regulated

  • salivary nucleus of medulla
    • + : smell, taste, pressure, nausea
    • - : fatigue, no sleep, fear, dehydration

most CNS signals come through PSNS (CN IX, X, FN VII)

  • ​Ach, VIP
    • vasodilation (fluid delivery)
    • acinar cell metabolism (more bicarb)
    • channel activation (secrete K/Cl/bicarb)
    • glandular growth (mainly due to vagal system)
    • myoepithelial cell contraction

minor effect through sympathetics T1-T3 by way of superior cervical ganglion

  • norepi
    • mostly mucus secretion (not really fluid secretion)
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10
Q

gastric secretions

A

2000 mL/day

two major secretions

1. oxyntic component

  • parietal cells: HCl, K, IF
  • highly stimulated by feeding

2. non-oxyntic component

  • mucous cells: mucus Na, HCO3
  • chief cells: pepsinogen
  • diffused interstitial fluids
  • secreted at relatively constant rate; major component at rest, becomes v diluted by oxyntic component on feeding
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11
Q

gastric secretions: rest vs. stimulated

A
  • resting: non-oxyntic components dominate: isonotic NaCl
  • after stimulation: oxyntic components take over: isotonic HCl
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12
Q

general features of gastric secretion (Cl, K)

A

Cl is always the ion present in greatest quantity in gastric secretions

K concentration is always higher than plasma

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13
Q

functions of gastric secretion

A
  1. digestion
  • acidic pH activates pepsinogen and lipases
  • HCl denatures proteins for digestion by pepsin
  1. aiding absorption
  • HCl solubilizes minerals (Ca, PO4, Fe, etc)
  • IF required for B12 abs
  1. protection
  • HCl inactivates microbes (exception: H. pylori in stomach)
  • mucus, HCO3, Cl contain acidity of H
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14
Q

mechanism of HCl secretion

A

parietal cells undergo morphological change to enhance H secretion

  • stimulation causes tubulovesicles rich in H pumps that are resting in parietal cell to fuse with intracellular canaliculi which eventaully opens to the lumen of the gastric pit to secrete H
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15
Q

HCl secretion: ion movements in resting cell

A

parietal cells, resting

  • regular metabolism: bicarbonate made
    • HCO3/Cl exchanger puts bicarb into blood, brings Cl into cell
    • Cl moves into lumen via Cl channel
  • Na/K ATPase moves Na out of cell, K into cell
    • K moves into blood and into lumen via K channels

generally, you get accumulation of Cl (-70 to -80 mV potential difference) and K in resting lumen

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16
Q

HCl secretion: ion movements in stimulated cell

A

parietal cell, stimulated (via Ach, histamine, Ghrelin) = increased Ca in cell = increased cAMP

  • increases metabolim, bicarb production
  • activates H/K ATPase (in tubulovesicle membrane?)
  • causes tuberovesicle/intracellular canaliculus fusion
    • ultimately pumps H into lumen
  • also activates Cl channel
    • more bicarb production → more bicarb/Cl exchange → more Cl in cell
    • more Cl moved out through activated Cl channel!
  • also activates K channel
    • more K leaves cell
    • makes intracellular environment more negative, more likely for bicarb and Cl to be moved out in their respective directions

potential difference is reduced (-30 to -50 mV, but still have a diff due to the fact that so much Cl is pumped out)

17
Q

omeprazol

A

targets H/K ATPase - thereby reducing acid secretion

how?

  • reduced H pumped out into gastric lumen
  • could also drop blood pH a little bit
    • H not secreted from parietal cell neutralizes bicarb, which doesnt move out in the usual alkaline tide!
18
Q

alkaline tide

A

sudden increase of pH in gastric vein after stimulation of parietal cell (acid secretion)

how?

increase in metabolism : increase in bicarb synthesis : bicarb moves out to bloodstream via HCO3/Cl exchanger!!

  • physiologically: postprandial alkaline tide after a big meal
  • pathologically: severe vomiting, sustained alkaline tide, metabolic alkalosis
19
Q

digestive phases

  • % daily HCl
  • stimulated by…
  • mediated by…
A

1. interdigestive: 15% HCl

  • basal secretion.
  • mediated by PSNS (vagus), gastrin, histamine.

2. cephalic: 30% HCl

  • stimulated by sight/smell/taste/chewing/swallowing food.
  • mediated by PSNS (vagus), gastrin, histamine.

3. gastric: 50% HCl

  • stimulated by food in stomach.
  • mediated by PSNS (vagus), gastrin, histamine.

4. intestinal: 5% HCl (active inhibition of acid secretion!)

  • stimulated by digestion product
  • mediated by secretin, CCK, GIP
20
Q

parietal cell secretory control at the cellular level

A

stimulated by:

  • Ach: M3-R
  • histamine : H2 receptor
  • gastrin : CCKB receptor (Ca influx via PLC)
    • all lead to increased Ca, increased cAMP

collaboration among the stimulators!

  • Ach stimulates gastrin production
  • Ach and gastrin both stimulate ECL production (precursor of histamine)

inhibited by: secretin, GIP, CCK

  • all directly inhibit gastrin secretion
  • all also trigger major inhibitory paracrine, somatostatin
    • ​inhibits gastrin secretion
    • tells parietal cell to reduce HCl production

***prostaglandins also directly hit parietal cells to inhibit HCl production

21
Q

mechanisms for containment of HCl

A
  1. Cl current (anywhere from -30 to -80 mV gradient)
  2. mucosal barrier (mucus gel and HCO3)
  3. prostaglandins: cytoprotection
  • inhibition of HCl secretion form parietal cell
  • stimulates mucus and bicarb production

clinical correlation: NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which is why you sometimes see stomach problems

Gastrointestinal System (35 decks)

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