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Gastrointestinal System > Macronutrients > Flashcards

Macronutrients Flashcards

Miller 2/11/16

1
Q

EAR vs. RDA

A

EAR = estimated average requirement

amount that would give adequate nutrition to 50% of whole population

RDA = recommended daily allowance

EAR + 2 std deviations: amount that would give adequate nutrition to 97% of the whole population

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2
Q

carbs/protein/fat: caloric content (kcal/g) and distribution ranges (%)

A

carbs: 4 kcal/g, 45-65%
protein: 4 kcal/g, 20-35%
fat: 9 kcal/g, 10-35%

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3
Q

healthy shifts

A

small changes in diet that will have a cumulative positive effect

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4
Q

ABCD method of nutritional assessment

A

Anthropometry: physical dimensions and body composition

Biochemical measurements: blood/urine/etc

Clinical assessments: history, visibile signs/symptoms

Dietary assessment

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5
Q

monosaccharides

A

C6H12O6

ex. glucose, galactose, fructose

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6
Q

disaccharides

A

C12H22O11

ex. sucrose (glucose+fructose). maltose (glucosex2), lactose (glucose+galactose)

[condensation reaction: losing a water when you combine two monosacchs]

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7
Q

polysaccharides

A

glycogen: glucose storage in liver (other organs) and muscle (supplies muscle)

  • highly branched to be able to cut off multiple glucoses at once

starch: glucose storage in plants

  • amylose (long chain) vs amylopectin (long chain with branches)
  • alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkages (digestible_

fiber

  • beta 1,4 glycosidic linkages (indigestible)
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8
Q

fiber

  • bonds (digestion)
  • fx
  • type
A
  • beta 1,4 glycosidic linkages - indigestible in sm intestine
  • promotes growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria
  • types
    • soluble: swells/dissolves in water, fermentable
      • pectin, gums, beta glycans
      • softens feces, relieves constipation
    • insoluble: doesnt dissolve, not fermentable
      • cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins
      • increases feces bulk, relieves constipation
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9
Q

health benefits of fiber

A
  • beneficial bacterial growth
  • binds dietary fat/cholesterol (can lower chol)
  • protects against heart disease, obesity, some cancers, diabetes
  • promotes fullness (delays gastric emptying)
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10
Q

risks of excessive fiber

A
  • abd discomfort, gas, diarrhea, GI obstruction
  • poor nutrient absorption/poor nutrient intake
    • phytates: bind to other nutrients and prevent their absorption
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11
Q

glycemic index vs. glycemic load

A

glycemic index

rise in blood glucose after eating 50g carb (0-100 scale)

glycemic load (accounts for amt of carb consumed)

= [GI/100] * g of carb

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12
Q

risks of high/sustained increases in blood glucose

A
  • puts strain on body to lower blood glucose
    • will tax the pancreas (insulin secretion)
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13
Q

protein sparing action

A

eating a level of carbs that will prevent breakdown of proteins and a.a.s for gluconeogenesis

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14
Q

essential vs. nonessential vs. conditionally essential amino acids

A

essential - 9

His, Iso, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val

HILK MV FTW

nonessential - 5

Ala, Asn, Asp, Glu, Ser

ANDES

cond essential - 6

Arg, Cys, Gln, Gly, Pro, Tyr

PQR CGY

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15
Q

role of proteins in edema

A

critical illness/protein malnutrition: blood vessels become leaky and let proteins move into tissues

  • accumulation of fluid = EDEMA
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16
Q

amino acid pool

A

in cells and in blood

used for…

  • new protein synthesis
  • energy (once stripped of N)
17
Q

protein metabolism: N excretion

A
  • in liver, amino acids are stripped of N, which is converted into NH3
    • nh3 = toxic
  • NH3 converted to urea
    • urea released in blood, excreted in urine
18
Q

nitrogen balance

A

balance between N intake and excretion

  • positive N balance: growth
  • negative N balance: starvation/severe stress
19
Q

protein quality

A
  • digestibility
  • a.a. composition
20
Q

types of malnutrition

kwashiorkor vs. marasmus

A
  • acute: wasting
  • chronic: stunted
  • kwashiorkor (wasting)
    • 60-80% normal weight, edema, poor appetite
    • ​sudden recent deprivation of food
    • lack of protein BUT not lack of calories!!!​
  • marasmus (wasting and stunting)
    • <60% normal weight, no edema, good appetite
    • severe deprivation of food for longer pd of time
    • impaired brain devpt, no insulation,
21
Q

18 C fatty acids

(mono to polyunsaturated)

A

stearic acid: 0 double bonds

oleic acid: 1 double bonds

linoleic acid: 2 double bonds

linolenic acid: 3 double bonds

22
Q

hydrogenation of fats

A
  • protects against oxidation/spoiling
  • makes liquid oils more solid
  • produces trans fatty acids
    • palatable but poor for health
      *
23
Q

phospholipids

A
  • lipid bilayer
  • in food industry: EMULSIFIERS
    • _​_lecithin (phosphatidylcholine)
24
Q

sterols

A

used in steroidogenesis and cell membranes

25
Q

triglycerides

A
  • cell energy
  • energy storage in ADIPOSE
    • release adipokines (hormones)
  • fx
    • insulation
    • shock absorbers
    • cell membrane material
    • cell signaling pathways
26
Q

essential fatty acids

A

linoleic acid

linolenic acid

  • have to be supplied by diet
  • precursors for other FAs
27
Q

fats and cholesterol

A

saturated fats are metabolized by liver, raises LDL cholesterol content of blood

trans fat can also increase LDL cholesterol

Gastrointestinal System (35 decks)

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