Life Cycle - Radovick 3/16/16

Question 1

weight gain during pregnancy

Answer 1

essential for healthy pregnancy

for normal weight woman…

3.5 lb first trimester

1 lb/week afterwards

Question 2

risks of being underweight during preg

Answer 2

underweight? high risk of having low birth weight baby

• more risk for disease
• 40x more likely to die in 1st month
• long term
  
  • risk for obesity/HTN later life
  • lower adult IQ
  • short stature
  • ed disadvantages

Question 3

risks of being overweight/obesity during preg

Answer 3

baby

• bigger
• 2x likely to have neural tube deficits
• risk of heart defects

mom

• more likley labor induction, maybe C-section
• more gestational diabetes, post-partum HTN, infection

Question 4

healthy support tissues

Answer 4

1. placenta: supply depot, waste-removal
2. umbilical cord
3. amniotic sac: surrounds, cushions baby

Question 5

devpt origins of disease:

epigenetic changes

Answer 5

mom’s nutrition may change gene expression in fetus to influence diseases of adulthood

• malnutrition → DM2
• inadequate growth during placental/gestational devpt → HTN
• being small for gestational age → adult obesity

Question 6

nutrients of particular interest during preg

Answer 6

folate

• role in cell repro
• increased requirement of 400-600 microg/day
• prevents neural tube deficits
  
  • spina bifida
  • anencephaly
  • critical period for neural tube devpt: 17-30 days gest
• provide through supplements, fortified foods, both

vitamin B12

• needed to assist folate in manufacture of new cells
• provide through animal pdts; vegans need supplements, fortified foods

Question 7

bone nutrients

teeth nutrients

Answer 7

vitamin D, Ca, P, Mg

• int abs of Ca doubles early in preg

fluoride

• supplements recommended only if don’t have F in water

Question 8

iron

Answer 8

abs of Fe increases 3x

moms often take supplement, esp during trimesters 2-3

• eating Fe rich food (liver, orysters, meat, dark green veggies) increases supply
• eating vit C rich food enhanced abs

Question 9

zinc

Answer 9

• uses: DNA, RNA, protein synth
• sources: food with high protein content
• deficiency predicts low birth weight
  
  • Fe can interfere with abs → might need Zn supplements

Question 10

preeclampsia

Answer 10

symptoms:

• HTN
• proteinuria
• whole body edema

usually occurs in first preg, after 20 wek

requires prompt med attn

Question 11

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 11

• irreversible brain damage, mental regardation
• facial abnormalities
• vision abnormalities

no safe amount.

Question 12

nutrients to support early growth

Answer 12

100 kcal/kg

adequate vit A, D (need D supplement if breastfed) or on non-vit-D-fortified formula)

adequate Ca (lactose in breastmilk enhances abs)

adequate water

dose of vit K at birth

Question 13

breast milk

Answer 13

carbs : lactose

lipids : essential FAs

protein : alpha-lactalbumin

low Na

highly absorbable Fe, Zn

need to be supplemented with vit D

Question 14

supplements for infants

Answer 14

after 6 months…

• vitamin D
• Fe
• F

Question 15

benefits of breastmilk

Answer 15

1. immunological protection

• colostrum (premilk substance)
• maternal immune factors
• protective enzymes

2. infants who have fewer med conditions

• stomach/int disorders
• middle ear infection
• resp illness

3. potential protection from later disease

• adult obesity
• CVD

4. potential positive effect on later intelligence