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Oral Histo > Saliva > Flashcards

Saliva Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of hyposalivation

A

dry mouth, no saliva, problems swallowing, rampant caries, mucosal atrophy, fissured tongue, hypomineralized teeth/discolored

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2
Q

congenital salivary aplasia

A

total agenesis (lack of development) of major salivary glands. genetic abnormality. can occur in isolation or it can be accompanied by developmental disorders of the ectoderm or 1st branchial arch

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3
Q

scintigraphy

A

to test salivary fn. sodium pertechnetate binds to Na-K-Cl membrane transport system of salivary and other gland cells. absence of radioactivity in the region of the glands=affected

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4
Q

the severity of the symptoms of agenesis of glands is…

A

related to the # of glands involved and the type of abnormality (lack of glands or hypofunction)

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5
Q

the major component of saliva is

A

water

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6
Q

mucins

A

highly glycosylated glycoproteins. viscous. responsible for lubricating the mucosal surface and providing a protective barrier. also important for trapping bacteria and sugar.

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7
Q

bicarbonate

A

buffering acids in the mouth

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8
Q

proline-rich proteins and statherin

A

calcium binding proteins. allow saliva to become super saturated with calcium (for enamel maturation and remineralization)

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9
Q

antimicrobial effects of saliva come from…

A

IgA, lysozyme, defensins, histatins, peroxidase

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10
Q

how does saliva participate in tissue repair

A

secreting growth factors (epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor)

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11
Q

how does saliva contribute to digestion

A

lubrication (mucins) and enzymes that break down food (amylase..starch) (lipase…fats)

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12
Q

how is saliva vital for the function of taste

A

tasty molecules are dissolved by WATER to be transported to the taste buds

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13
Q

what type of gland are the salivary glands

A

exocrine (discharge via a duct)…just like sebbaceous glands

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14
Q

normal daytime salivary flow rate is

A

.3-.4 ml/min

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15
Q

volume of saliva in mouth

A

.8-1.1ml

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16
Q

during sleep what happens to saliva flow

A

decreases a lot

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17
Q

3 major salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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18
Q

name the minor salivary glands

A

Von Ebner’s, labial, palatal, buccal and lingual

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19
Q

parotid gland

A

contributes the most saliva, innervated by IX, serous, secretes amylase

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20
Q

submandibular gland

A

25%, mixed, mostly serous, innervated by VII

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21
Q

sublingual gland

A

7-8%, mixed, mostly mucous, innervated by VII

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22
Q

Von Ebner’s glands

A

pure serous, lingual lipase, posterior 2/3 of tongue

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23
Q

minor salivary glands

A

major source of mucins, pure mucous glands

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24
Q

duct of the parotid is

A

stenson’s duct…found on the opposite 2nd max. molar

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25
submandibular duct is called
Wharton's duct...on lingual frenum
26
sublingual duct is called
empties into a series of ducts on the sublingual fold (behind wharton's)...bartholin's and rivinus ducts
27
all salivary glands are made up of...
stroma and parenchyma
28
stroma of the gland
provides structural support...forming the capsule and organizing the gland into lobes. made up of connective tissue. develop from the neural crest
29
parenchyma of the gland
does the work of the gland, discharges the saliva. made up of epithelium. develop from the ECTODERM OR ENDODERM
30
the stroma contains
fibroblasts (major cell type...makes collagen), blood vessels nerve fibers, plasma cells, fat cells (increase with age).
31
parenchyma of the salivary glands are composed of
secretory portion (acini/endpieces) and ducts.
32
what are acini
the secretory portion of the parenchyma. composed of acinar cells (make the saliva). acinar cells can be serous or mucous
33
3 types of ducts
striated, intercalated, excretory
34
timing of parotid gland development
1st part of the 6th week IU
35
timing of submandibular development
end of 6th week IU
36
timing of the sublingual/minor glands development
weeks 8-12 IU (2-3 mo)
37
initiation of salivary gland development starts out with
thickening of the ectoderm or endoderm...bud appearance (prebud--> bud) into the mesenchyme. signals must be exchanged b/w epithelial and mesenchymal compartments ..similar to odontogenesis
38
branching stages of salivary gland development
pseudoglandular...single bud branches, then branches again and again...then cavitates/hollows out in cavitation (canilicular stage)...then terminal differentiation stage
39
before branching....
each cells is joined together by e-cadherin (cell adhesion molecules)
40
as cleft formation starts
cadherin startes to break up and then disappears at the base of the cleft...then disappears on the entire side of the cell facing the cleft. e-cadherin remains on the other surfaces of the same cells (aka the expression of cadherin is REDIRECTED in a spacially specific manner)
41
what is cleftin
molecule whose expression causes the branching of the cells of the salivary gland.
42
cleftin expression is induced by
ecm molecule, fibronectin. fibronectin interacts with fibronectin receptors that are located on the membranes of salivary gland cells
43
actions of cleftin
suppressed the expression of e-cadherin and upregulates the expression of snail2
44
what is snail2
t.f that promotes change in cell shape and when coupled with e-cadherin loss, allows gaps to form=clefting
45
what are acini made up of
saliva secreting cells which empty into a series of ducts. primary secretion is water and ions and proteins...ISOTONIC. acinar cells are water permeable
46
what do the ducts do
secrete and resorb components of salivary secretion to make it hypotonic. duct cells are non-water permeable. they secrete bicarbonate ion
47
what is the primary secretion of saliva
isotonic...water, proteins ions (Na and Cl).
48
what is the secondary secretion of saliva
hypotonic..bicarbonate, proteins, resorbed (Na and Cl)
49
salivary secretion is controlled by
neuronal...p.symp and symp
50
p.symp control
pregang cell bodies located in the brainstem and send their axons via CN 7 and 9 to synapse on postgang near the gland be releasing Ach which binds to a muscarinic type receptor. GCPR-->phospholipase C--> IP3 released-->liberates Ca from the ER-->opens Cl channels--> [] gradient releases Cl from the cell into the lumen which creates an electrical and osmotic gradient causing Na and H20 into the lumen via a paracellular pathway
51
symp control
cell bodies in the inner medial lateral cell column of the s.c send axons to the superior cervical ganglion on postgang cells that supply the glands via NE binding to a beta-adrenergic receptor. this is GCPR-->AC-->cAMP-->PKA-->phosphorylates secretory granules that contain proteins and causes them to be released.
52
symp secretion
protein secretion. viscous secretion. not voluminous.
53
Cl is maintained in salivary cells at
high concentration intracellulary via an energy requiring ion pump
54
psymp secretion
fluid secretion...most volume in saliva
55
spaces b/w cells in acini are called
intercellular spaces..joined by tight jns
56
the entire endpiece is surrounded by a
basal lamina
57
serous acinar cell
pyramidal, irregular microvilli, protein secreting, round nucleus at base with rER and GA. don't secrete mucins. secretory granules in apical part
58
mucous acinar cells
cuboidal to columnar. oval nuclei squished at bottom, secrete mucins. secretory granules are pale staining. elongated/tubular in appearance. lumen is larger than serous
59
serous demilune
mucous acini topped by cluster of serous cells. artifact of conventional fixation.
60
name artifacts of fixation
1. serous demilunes (s and m cells should simply be side by side) 2. mucous granules are fused (should be segregated from one another) 3. nuclei are located squished at bottom of cell (shouldn't be squished)
61
myoepithelial cells
associated with serous/mucous acini and intercalated ducts. specialized epithelial cells with contractile properties. has a bunch of properties that wrap around the acini and ducts. they are neurally innervated and facilitate the movement of saliva into the ductal system
62
3 types of ducts
intercalated--> striated--> excretory--> oral cavity
63
what is the difference in ducts for minor salivary glands
intercalated ducts sometimes, no striated ducts, empties directly into an excretory duct. many excretory ducts associated with a given gland.
64
intercalated duct
smallest, short. cuboidal with central nucleus. secrete a few antimicrobial proteins (lysozyme and lactoferrin)
65
striated duct
more active. tall columnar cells. highly polarize. apical end has short microvilli. basal end has infolding of membrane. prominent mitochondria site of reabsorption. secrete a few proteins (kallikrein) and secrete bicarbonate. reabsorb in the apical end of the cell and then are transported through the cell to its basal aspect where they pass to capillaries adj to the striations
66
reabsorption is against the [ ] gradient so it is an
energy requiring process for which ATP is critical
67
excretory ducts
used for plumbing. series of connecting ducts that become wider. change from a single epi layer into pseudostratified epi layer (when reaches the oral epithelium) and then can becomes stratified and keratinized. goblet cells can be intermingled within (secreting mucous)
68
excretory ducts are often within the
stroma of the gland
69
Von Ebner's glands
associated with the taste-bud bearing foliate and circumvallate papillae of the pos. tongue. serous. open into the trenches of the foliates and circumvallates.
70
age changes of saliva
general loss of perenchyma. drug related dry mouth
71
mump affects
affects the parotid most fq. painful swelling.
72
obstruction of ducts
calcified stones...esp in Wharton's.
73
ducts of minor glands
can get obstructed bc of trauma or mucous plugs
74
viral affects
viruses can replicate within the salivary gland and shed into saliva
75
hyposalivation causes
1. genetic mutation 2. medications (anticholinergic drugs...atrovent) (diuretics...furosimide/lasix) 3. systemic diseases (Sjogren's syndrome, diabetes, HIV) 4. iatrogenic/medical treatment (radiotherapy)
76
radiotherapy effects
initially: due to an effect on fn of the gland, then later effects: actual cell death of acinar cells

Oral Histo (12 decks)

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