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Oral Histo > Saliva > Flashcards

Saliva Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of hyposalivation

A

dry mouth, no saliva, problems swallowing, rampant caries, mucosal atrophy, fissured tongue, hypomineralized teeth/discolored

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2
Q

congenital salivary aplasia

A

total agenesis (lack of development) of major salivary glands. genetic abnormality. can occur in isolation or it can be accompanied by developmental disorders of the ectoderm or 1st branchial arch

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3
Q

scintigraphy

A

to test salivary fn. sodium pertechnetate binds to Na-K-Cl membrane transport system of salivary and other gland cells. absence of radioactivity in the region of the glands=affected

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4
Q

the severity of the symptoms of agenesis of glands is…

A

related to the # of glands involved and the type of abnormality (lack of glands or hypofunction)

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5
Q

the major component of saliva is

A

water

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6
Q

mucins

A

highly glycosylated glycoproteins. viscous. responsible for lubricating the mucosal surface and providing a protective barrier. also important for trapping bacteria and sugar.

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7
Q

bicarbonate

A

buffering acids in the mouth

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8
Q

proline-rich proteins and statherin

A

calcium binding proteins. allow saliva to become super saturated with calcium (for enamel maturation and remineralization)

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9
Q

antimicrobial effects of saliva come from…

A

IgA, lysozyme, defensins, histatins, peroxidase

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10
Q

how does saliva participate in tissue repair

A

secreting growth factors (epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor)

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11
Q

how does saliva contribute to digestion

A

lubrication (mucins) and enzymes that break down food (amylase..starch) (lipase…fats)

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12
Q

how is saliva vital for the function of taste

A

tasty molecules are dissolved by WATER to be transported to the taste buds

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13
Q

what type of gland are the salivary glands

A

exocrine (discharge via a duct)…just like sebbaceous glands

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14
Q

normal daytime salivary flow rate is

A

.3-.4 ml/min

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15
Q

volume of saliva in mouth

A

.8-1.1ml

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16
Q

during sleep what happens to saliva flow

A

decreases a lot

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17
Q

3 major salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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18
Q

name the minor salivary glands

A

Von Ebner’s, labial, palatal, buccal and lingual

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19
Q

parotid gland

A

contributes the most saliva, innervated by IX, serous, secretes amylase

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20
Q

submandibular gland

A

25%, mixed, mostly serous, innervated by VII

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21
Q

sublingual gland

A

7-8%, mixed, mostly mucous, innervated by VII

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22
Q

Von Ebner’s glands

A

pure serous, lingual lipase, posterior 2/3 of tongue

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23
Q

minor salivary glands

A

major source of mucins, pure mucous glands

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24
Q

duct of the parotid is

A

stenson’s duct…found on the opposite 2nd max. molar

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25
Q

submandibular duct is called

A

Wharton’s duct…on lingual frenum

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26
Q

sublingual duct is called

A

empties into a series of ducts on the sublingual fold (behind wharton’s)…bartholin’s and rivinus ducts

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27
Q

all salivary glands are made up of…

A

stroma and parenchyma

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28
Q

stroma of the gland

A

provides structural support…forming the capsule and organizing the gland into lobes. made up of connective tissue. develop from the neural crest

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29
Q

parenchyma of the gland

A

does the work of the gland, discharges the saliva. made up of epithelium. develop from the ECTODERM OR ENDODERM

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30
Q

the stroma contains

A

fibroblasts (major cell type…makes collagen), blood vessels nerve fibers, plasma cells, fat cells (increase with age).

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31
Q

parenchyma of the salivary glands are composed of

A

secretory portion (acini/endpieces) and ducts.

32
Q

what are acini

A

the secretory portion of the parenchyma. composed of acinar cells (make the saliva). acinar cells can be serous or mucous

33
Q

3 types of ducts

A

striated, intercalated, excretory

34
Q

timing of parotid gland development

A

1st part of the 6th week IU

35
Q

timing of submandibular development

A

end of 6th week IU

36
Q

timing of the sublingual/minor glands development

A

weeks 8-12 IU (2-3 mo)

37
Q

initiation of salivary gland development starts out with

A

thickening of the ectoderm or endoderm…bud appearance (prebud–> bud) into the mesenchyme. signals must be exchanged b/w epithelial and mesenchymal compartments ..similar to odontogenesis

38
Q

branching stages of salivary gland development

A

pseudoglandular…single bud branches, then branches again and again…then cavitates/hollows out in cavitation (canilicular stage)…then terminal differentiation stage

39
Q

before branching….

A

each cells is joined together by e-cadherin (cell adhesion molecules)

40
Q

as cleft formation starts

A

cadherin startes to break up and then disappears at the base of the cleft…then disappears on the entire side of the cell facing the cleft. e-cadherin remains on the other surfaces of the same cells (aka the expression of cadherin is REDIRECTED in a spacially specific manner)

41
Q

what is cleftin

A

molecule whose expression causes the branching of the cells of the salivary gland.

42
Q

cleftin expression is induced by

A

ecm molecule, fibronectin. fibronectin interacts with fibronectin receptors that are located on the membranes of salivary gland cells

43
Q

actions of cleftin

A

suppressed the expression of e-cadherin and upregulates the expression of snail2

44
Q

what is snail2

A

t.f that promotes change in cell shape and when coupled with e-cadherin loss, allows gaps to form=clefting

45
Q

what are acini made up of

A

saliva secreting cells which empty into a series of ducts. primary secretion is water and ions and proteins…ISOTONIC. acinar cells are water permeable

46
Q

what do the ducts do

A

secrete and resorb components of salivary secretion to make it hypotonic. duct cells are non-water permeable. they secrete bicarbonate ion

47
Q

what is the primary secretion of saliva

A

isotonic…water, proteins ions (Na and Cl).

48
Q

what is the secondary secretion of saliva

A

hypotonic..bicarbonate, proteins, resorbed (Na and Cl)

49
Q

salivary secretion is controlled by

A

neuronal…p.symp and symp

50
Q

p.symp control

A

pregang cell bodies located in the brainstem and send their axons via CN 7 and 9 to synapse on postgang near the gland be releasing Ach which binds to a muscarinic type receptor. GCPR–>phospholipase C–> IP3 released–>liberates Ca from the ER–>opens Cl channels–> [] gradient releases Cl from the cell into the lumen which creates an electrical and osmotic gradient causing Na and H20 into the lumen via a paracellular pathway

51
Q

symp control

A

cell bodies in the inner medial lateral cell column of the s.c send axons to the superior cervical ganglion on postgang cells that supply the glands via NE binding to a beta-adrenergic receptor. this is GCPR–>AC–>cAMP–>PKA–>phosphorylates secretory granules that contain proteins and causes them to be released.

52
Q

symp secretion

A

protein secretion. viscous secretion. not voluminous.

53
Q

Cl is maintained in salivary cells at

A

high concentration intracellulary via an energy requiring ion pump

54
Q

psymp secretion

A

fluid secretion…most volume in saliva

55
Q

spaces b/w cells in acini are called

A

intercellular spaces..joined by tight jns

56
Q

the entire endpiece is surrounded by a

A

basal lamina

57
Q

serous acinar cell

A

pyramidal, irregular microvilli, protein secreting, round nucleus at base with rER and GA. don’t secrete mucins. secretory granules in apical part

58
Q

mucous acinar cells

A

cuboidal to columnar. oval nuclei squished at bottom, secrete mucins. secretory granules are pale staining. elongated/tubular in appearance. lumen is larger than serous

59
Q

serous demilune

A

mucous acini topped by cluster of serous cells. artifact of conventional fixation.

60
Q

name artifacts of fixation

A
  1. serous demilunes (s and m cells should simply be side by side)
  2. mucous granules are fused (should be segregated from one another)
  3. nuclei are located squished at bottom of cell (shouldn’t be squished)
61
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

associated with serous/mucous acini and intercalated ducts. specialized epithelial cells with contractile properties. has a bunch of properties that wrap around the acini and ducts. they are neurally innervated and facilitate the movement of saliva into the ductal system

62
Q

3 types of ducts

A

intercalated–> striated–> excretory–> oral cavity

63
Q

what is the difference in ducts for minor salivary glands

A

intercalated ducts sometimes, no striated ducts, empties directly into an excretory duct. many excretory ducts associated with a given gland.

64
Q

intercalated duct

A

smallest, short. cuboidal with central nucleus. secrete a few antimicrobial proteins (lysozyme and lactoferrin)

65
Q

striated duct

A

more active. tall columnar cells. highly polarize. apical end has short microvilli. basal end has infolding of membrane. prominent mitochondria site of reabsorption. secrete a few proteins (kallikrein) and secrete bicarbonate. reabsorb in the apical end of the cell and then are transported through the cell to its basal aspect where they pass to capillaries adj to the striations

66
Q

reabsorption is against the [ ] gradient so it is an

A

energy requiring process for which ATP is critical

67
Q

excretory ducts

A

used for plumbing. series of connecting ducts that become wider. change from a single epi layer into pseudostratified epi layer (when reaches the oral epithelium) and then can becomes stratified and keratinized. goblet cells can be intermingled within (secreting mucous)

68
Q

excretory ducts are often within the

A

stroma of the gland

69
Q

Von Ebner’s glands

A

associated with the taste-bud bearing foliate and circumvallate papillae of the pos. tongue. serous. open into the trenches of the foliates and circumvallates.

70
Q

age changes of saliva

A

general loss of perenchyma. drug related dry mouth

71
Q

mump affects

A

affects the parotid most fq. painful swelling.

72
Q

obstruction of ducts

A

calcified stones…esp in Wharton’s.

73
Q

ducts of minor glands

A

can get obstructed bc of trauma or mucous plugs

74
Q

viral affects

A

viruses can replicate within the salivary gland and shed into saliva

75
Q

hyposalivation causes

A
  1. genetic mutation
  2. medications (anticholinergic drugs…atrovent) (diuretics…furosimide/lasix)
  3. systemic diseases (Sjogren’s syndrome, diabetes, HIV)
  4. iatrogenic/medical treatment (radiotherapy)
76
Q

radiotherapy effects

A

initially: due to an effect on fn of the gland, then later effects: actual cell death of acinar cells

Oral Histo (12 decks)

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