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Psychology 3/4 > Sac 6 > Flashcards

Sac 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

Memory is an active processing system that encodes, stores and recovers information when required.

  • Memories pass through many different stores to be consolidated.
  • They are not an exact replica of the world at the time they are recovered for use (although some people have amazing memory abilities
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2
Q

What are the three parts of the information processing model?

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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3
Q

What is Encoding?

A

Converting information into a usable form for storage

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4
Q

What is Storage ?

A

Retaining information over time for future use

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5
Q

What is Retrieval?

A

Accessing previously stored information for use

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6
Q

What is a sensory memory?

A

-The entry point of a memory
-limited duration of 0.2- 4 secs an has unlimited capacity
-Information is an exact replica form
- Each sense has a different memory store:
Visual information, Iconic memory,
Auditory information, echoic memory

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7
Q

Short term memory?

A

Duration of 12-30 secs and limited capacity of 5-9 items

  • If information is attended to it will move into short term memory or if its recalled from long term memory for use it will enter short term memory.
  • Capacity 7+or - 2 items
  • To increase duration of short term memory= Rehearsal
  • To increase capacity of short term memory= Chunking
  • Consciously manipulated
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8
Q

Long term memory

A

Has unlimited duration and unlimited capacity
- Trouble often comes when trying to retrieve these memories- why organisation of memory is critical
- Can take 30 mins to be consolidated
- It can be easily disrupted in this time before consolidation
A relatively permanent memory store in which an unlimited amount of information can be stored until it is retrieved for future use.
- Duration, relatively permanent
- Capacity, Unlimited

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9
Q

What is the Atkinson- Shiffrin model of memory

A

Incoming sensory information-> Sensory memory->Attention->Short term memory-> Encode into usable form for storage in long term memory->retrieve what needs to be used again in short term memory.

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10
Q

Parts of the Brain that are involved in Long term memory

A

Cerebral Cortex
Hippocampus:
Amygdala

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11
Q

cerebral cortex role in LTM

A
  • Thin outer layer
  • 4 Lobes, 2 hemispheres
  • Long term explicit (conscious) declarative (episodic and semantic) memories
  • motor cortex, movement memories, links with cerebellum and are implicit, procedural memories.
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12
Q

Hippocampus role in LTM

A 
Hippocampus: 
- Medial temporal lobe 
- one in each hemisphere 
- Spatial memory 
- Terms short term memories into long term memories (consolidation) 
- New semantic and episodic memories 
- close relationship with amygdala 
Consolidation
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13
Q

Amygdala role in LTM

A
  • Emotional memory
  • Emotions, expression and control fear and anger
  • One in each hemisphere
  • Classically conditioned ‘fear’ responses involving ‘implicit’ memories.
  • ‘flashbulb’ memories
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14
Q

Cerebellum in LTM

A
  • Role in movement, balance, motor skills and posture
  • Implicict, procedural memories ‘How to’ are processed, encoded and stored here.
  • Classically conditioned simple reflexes (not emotional)
  • Memory of how to perform a motor skill
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15
Q

What is visual information?

A

Iconic memory

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16
Q

What is auditory information?

A

Echoic memory

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17
Q

What is Iconic memory?

A

The visual sensory memory
- 0.2-0.4 secs duration
- Capacity is unlimited
-

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18
Q

WHo investigated memory, specifically iconic memory?

A

George sperling 1960 examined the capacity of sensory (iconic) memory

  • Used a tachistoscope to flash a visual image for a brief period of time (one twentieth of a second)
  • Then he used different pitched tones to signify which lines the people should be recalling.
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19
Q

What did George sperling’s investigation of iconic memory support?

A

The unlimited capacity of iconic memory

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20
Q

What is Echoic memory?

A

The auditory sensory memory
- Duration 3-4 secs
- capacity unlimited
-

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21
Q

Which two parts is rehearsal broken into?

A

Maintenance Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal
MREM

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22
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Simple rote repetition of information to help retain it in short term memory e.g.: repeating times tables
Increases duration of short term memory.

23
Q

What is Elaborative rehearsal?

A

Adding meaning to information or linking it to information already stored in long term memory. Helps information to be encoded into long term memory. Eg: making an acronym or story from words to be remembered.

24
Q

What is chunking?

A

It improves capacity
- Grouping individual items into small chunks or units to increase the capacity of short term memory.
Eg: 0421 994 614

25
Q

Types of long term memory…

A

Declarative memory, knowing that

Procedural memory, knowing how

26
Q

the two categories that branch off from declarative memory are?

A

Semantic memory, academic knowledge/ facts

Episodic memory, Autobiographical events/personal

27
Q

What is semantic network theory?

A

The organisation of the long term memory is an interconnected grid of concepts (nodes) and meaningful links, that are inter related.

  • The shorter the link the stronger the memory
  • The more links to a memory the stronger it is
28
Q

Methods of memory retrieval?

A

In order of easiest to recall (most sensitive) to hardest to recall (least sensitive)
Re- learning (saving score)
Recognition-nIdentifying correct info from a list
Cued recall- Prompt
- Free recall - no prompt or cue
- serial recall- in oder

29
Q

Re- learning?

A

Relearning- Learning information that has previously been learnt as a means of assessing the amount of information retained

30
Q

Saving score?

A

The saving score measures the percentage of information retained from the original learning.
Re-Learning is the most sensitive (easiest to recall) measure of retention.

31
Q

Types of brain trauma??

A 
Head injury- Concussions, Anoxia (lack of oxygen), Trauma (football injury)
- Chemical- Drugs/alcohol
-  Brain Surgery- 
- Neurodegenerative disease
any of those can result in amnesia
32
Q

What types of amnesia are there?

A

retrograde: ( Inability to retrieve memories before injury)
Anterograde: (Inability to make new memories after injury)- damage to hippocampus and cannot encode new memories

33
Q

What is consolidation theory?

A

1: Physical change- Neural connections, STM (strengthening existing connections), LTM (new connections),
2: Time
3: No disruption
Consolidation occurs in Hippocampus

34
Q

Forgetting..?

A

Referes to the inability to access or recover information previously stored in memory
- Hermann Ebbinghaus

35
Q

How to enhance retrieval?

A

Effective way of enhancing retrieval from LTM is to re create the conditions under which the required information was originally learned,
This approach is based on the encoding specificity principle.
Memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval

36
Q

Context dependent cues- learners external environment?

A

Sounds, smells, temperature, sights

37
Q

State dependent cues - leaners internal environment?

A

Physiological or psychological state

mood, level of anxiety, tiredness

38
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

It is the finding that free recall is better for items at the end and beginning of a list than the middle.

39
Q

What is the Primacy effect?

A

Describes superior recall of items at the beginning of the list (LTM)
The first few are in LTM as they received more attention (primacy affect)

40
Q

The Recency effect?

A

describes superior recall of items at the end of the list (STM)

41
Q

What would happen if there was a delay in recall?

A

The recency effect would not be present as the last items would have left short term memory and would be forgotten.

42
Q

What would happen with immediate recall?

A

The last few items are remembered the BEST as they are still in STM (recency effect)

43
Q

What are explicit memories…?

A

Are those that require conscious effort

- Declarative memories are explicit memories (semantic and episodic)

44
Q

What are implicit memories..?

A

are those that form unconsciously

  • Procedural memories are implicit memories
  • The cerebellum encodes implicit memories
45
Q

2 parts of the brain involved with explicit memories?

A

Hippocampus - ecodes explicit (declarative memories)

Amygdala- retrieves explicit (declarative) memories (emotionally driven)

46
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for implicit memories?

A

the Cerebellum encodes implicit (procedural) memories

47
Q

Whats Chronic traumatic encephalography ?

A

CTE symptoms include:

  • Loss of memory
  • Impaired judgement
  • Behavioural disturbances
  • Dementia
48
Q

What are neurodegenerative diseases?

A 
They are a group of diseases that primarily affect neurons in the brain
types are: 
-Chronic Traumatic encephalography
- Parkinson's disease
- Dementia
- Alzheimer's
- Motor neurone disease
49
Q

What is Alzheimers?

A

Neurodegenerative disease that results from loss of neurons in the hippocampus and causes memory loss
and personality change

50
Q

What causes Alzheimers?

A

Amyloid plaques (protein deposites)

  • Neurofibrillary tangles
  • Cortical shrinkage
  • Imbalance in Acetycholine (neurotransmitter)
51
Q

What are the symptoms of Alzheimers?

A

Memory loss, Especially declarative memories

  • Personality change
  • Confusion and disorientation
  • Repetition
52
Q

What are Mnemonic devices?

A

Techniques used to aid memory by improving encoding and retrieval
Narrative Chaining (short story)
Acronyms
Acrostic

53
Q

Godden and Baddeley

A

Experiment with recalling task:
above water learning got better recall score when recalling above water and vice versa for below water learning and recall
recall was poor when the learning and recall surroundings were different

54
Q

What information are u least likely to forget??

A

Emotional memories

  • Lots of links, interconnected
  • Frequently used links
  • More meaningful
  • First and last words and messages

Psychology 3/4 (15 decks)

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