Sac 4 Flashcards
Operant Conditioning…
A 3 phase model showing learning process in which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour.
What is an operant?
A response (or set of responses) that occurs and acts (operates) on the environment to produce some kind of effect.
- Behaviour can be strengthened if the consequences are positive and weakened if the consequences are negative
- The leaner in Operant conditioning is active.
What is the ABC model operant conditioning?
Antecedent: Discriminative stimulus- The trigger
Behaviour: Operant response- What you do, the action that occurs
Consequence: e.g. go to party, have terrible time, never go to party again and vice versa
Consequences sway and direct future behaviours
Antecedents can be broken up into which 4 parts?
Prompting
modeling
feedback
goals
Behaviours can be split into which 2 parts?
Desired
Undesired
The behaviour that happens is an active component of decision making
Consequences in which 4 parts?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Response cost
How many types of consequences are there and what are they?
There are 2 types of consequences
Reinforcement and
Punishment
what is Reinforcement ?
When desirable behaviour is encouraged with the view to strengthening it:
- Give something desirable (pleasant)
- Take away something undesirable (aversive)
what is punishment?
When undesirable behaviour is discouraged with a view to weakening it/stopping it:
- Give something undesirable (aversive)
- Take away something desirable (pleasant)
What is positive reinforcement ?
you can present something good to try strengthen and encourage the behaviour eg: a star for doing homework
What is punishment ?
You can give something bad to decrease the likelyhood of the behaviour occuring eg detention
what is response cost ?
removing something pleasant from someone eg remove tv privileges
What is Negative reinforcement ?
removing something bad so we strengthen the behaviour eg let off doing chores
What is continuous reinforcement?
Reinforcement is given after every correct response,
This is essential in the acquisition stage but not effective for maintaining a maximum response rate
What is partial reinforcement?
Reinforcing after some responses but not all of them.
Used after the acquisition stage and responses tend to be stronger less easily extinguished
eg: The pokies
The 3 main components that impact on the effectiveness of reinforcement are?
Order of presentation
Timing
Appropriateness
“OAT”
Oder of presentation…?
States that a reinforcement or punishment should always occur after a desired response (and should be consistent).
Timing…?
States that the punishment or reinforcement are most effective when given immediately after response has occurred.
Appropriateness…?
Needs to take into account the personal characteristics of the individual and the individual situation when deciding whether the stimulus will act as a reinforcer or punishment (be careful with appropriateness of punishment)
Punishment has to fit the crime
Why doesn’t operant conditioning always work?
Operant conditioning is an active process, individuals have a choice.
Consequences guide behaviour but they don’t control it
what is Stimulus generalisation with Operant Conditioning?
Occurs when the correct response is made to another stimulus that is similar ( but not necessarily identical) to the stimulus that was present when the original behaviour was reinforced eg: also works hard in other subjects, stops swearing at work and home
Stimulus discrimination in Operant conditioning ??
is when an organism makes the correct response to a stimulus and is reinforced, but does not respond to any other stimulus, even when stimuli are similar ( eg: good behaviour for mum but not for dad OR works in one subject but not others.
Acquisition in Operant conditioning…
The Establishment of a response through reinforcement.
When individuals establish that behaviours go together, a certain behaviour brings about a certain consequence
Extinction in Operant Conditioning…
The gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a learned response following consistent non- reinforcement of the response
stop occurring
Spontaneous recovery in Operant Conditioning…
Can occur after the apparent extinction and involves the organism once again showing the response in absence of any reinforcement. Responses will most likely be weaker and not last very long.
Other facts on Operant conditioning in regards to shaping and voluntary behaviour …
As the behaviours in Operant conditioning are voluntary they are therefore more complex
Shaping: Where there are rewards given for each successive approximation as it leads to the target behaviour
Comparison between Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning…
Role of the learner: In CC the participant is PASSIVE and in OC the participant is ACTIVE
Nature of the response: In CC The nature of the response is INVOLUNTARY In OC The nature of the response is VOLUNTARY
Timing of stimulus and response: In CC the stimulus is presented BEFORE the response occurs and in OC the Stimulus (Consequence) is presented AFTER the response (behaviour) has occurred
