SAC 1 Revision Unit 3

Question 1

Difference between illness and disease

Answer 1

Illness relates to how a person feels about, and experiences disease and injury. Can be a perceived notion of unwellness or derive from self-diagnosis, and will affect the body or mind in many different capacities.
A disease is a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage. Diseases can be physical or mental in nature, and range from mild discomfort to severe pain. Disease must be diagnosed by a medical expert.

Question 2

The dynamic and subjective nature of illness

Answer 2

Dynamic: Illness is dynamic as it changes constantly as a person experiences disease or injury. For e.g., these changes can be gradual such as the healing of a broken bone.
Subjective: Different people may experience diseases and injury in different ways. Level of illness may be influenced by – age, past experience of a disease or injury, pain threshold, social support. For e.g., a person of low level social support may experience a higher level of illness than a person with adequate social support.

Question 3

Physical health and wellbeing:
Definition + Characteristics

Answer 3

Relates to the functioning of the body and it’s systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily tasks and activities.
- Healthy body weight
- Physical capacity to perform daily tasks
- Appropriate levels of fitness
- Optimal levels of energy.

Question 4

Social health and wellbeing:
Definition + Characteristics

Answer 4

The ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.
- Productive relationships with others
- Supportive network of friends
- Effective communication with others
- Ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

Question 5

Mental health and wellbeing:
Definition + Characteristics

Answer 5

Relates to the state of a person’s mind or brain and relates to the ability to think and process information.
- Low levels of stress and anxiety
- Positive self-esteem
- Use logic and reasoning to form opinions and make decisions
- High levels of confidence.

Question 6

Emotional health and wellbeing:
Definition + Characteristics

Answer 6

The ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express emotions as well as the ability to display resilience.
- Have a high level of resilience
- Recognise and understand emotional actions/reactions
- Effectively express and manage emotional actions/reactions
- Experience appropriate emotions in different situations.

Question 7

Spiritual health and wellbeing:
Definition + Characteristics

Answer 7

Relates to idea, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on a person’s place in the world.
Values:
- Education - Fitness - Creativity
Beliefs:
- God exists - It’s wrong to steal
- There is life after death

• A sense of belonging and connection
• Peace and hope
• Positive meaning, place, purpose in life
• Develop and act accordingly to values and beliefs.

Question 8

How does Physical H+WB influence Social H+WB?

Answer 8

When an individual has adequate levels of energy, they are physically able to participate in activities with friends, which can enhance relationships.

Question 9

How does Social H+WB influence Emotional H+WB?

Answer 9

Close social bonds allow individuals to be themselves, and share their emotions which can assist others in responding appropriately.

Question 10

How does Mental H+WB influence Physical H+WB?

Answer 10

Stress can lower immune system function and increase the risk of infectious diseases.

Question 11

How does Emotional H+WB influence Physical H+WB?

Answer 11

If an individual can recognise that they are feeling sad and is taking action to deal with this, they are more likely to participate in their normal activities, such as exercise.

Question 12

How does Spiritual H+WB influence Mental H+WB?

Answer 12

Believing that life has a positive meaning and purpose can enhance self-esteem and a sense of optimism.

Question 13

WHO definition of Health (1947)

Answer 13

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

Question 14

1986 Clarification of WHO definition of Health + a positive outcome

Answer 14

they added to the definition: “to reach a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, an individual or group must be able to identify and to realise aspirations, to satisfy needs and to change or cope with the environment.”
Positive: This addition makes the concept of health more inclusive and achievable.

Question 15

Meaning of health and wellbeing

Answer 15

Refers to the state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence. It is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy and capable and engaged.

Question 16

Factors that influence H+WB

Answer 16

-regulated diet
-adequate sleep
-supportive friends/family
-regular exercise

Question 17

Meaning of optimal H+WB

Answer 17

Optimal health and wellbeing refers to reaching the fullest capacity of an individuals health including all five dimensions of H+WB to their maximum ability. It can improve life quality, and assist in creating a cycle of wellbeing, allowing individuals to work more effectively and improve their lives.

Question 18

Benefits of optimal mental health as a resource nationally + globally

Answer 18

› Nationally
With optimal mental H+WB, many people will have lower levels of stress and anxiety, and this can be a resource to increase productivity and broaden the capabilities of Australia as a nation.
› Globally
With the optimal ability to think and process information, everyone will be able to solve small and large problems and assess difficulties much easier, therefore improving the economy - productivity - economy development - trade globally.

Question 19

Benefits of optimal social health as a resource nationally + globally

Answer 19

› Nationally
With optimal social H+WB, many people in the nation will be able to converse easier, and adapt to many different social differences or challenges. This helps to improve our economy and save much more time on social challenges, putting more time to increasing productivity. Less stress on healthcare — social security.
› Globally
With optimal social H+WB, our world leaders will know how to effectively communicate, and solve disagreements by creating satisfying bonds with each other. This can help communication between countries and solve many fights/disagreements. — Security

Question 20

Health Status:
Burden of Disease

Answer 20

A measure of the impact of diseases and dying prematurely, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease & disability. BOD is measured in a unit called the DALY.

Question 21

BOD: DALY

Answer 21

A measure of the burden of disease . 1 DALY = 1 year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death. Calculated as the sum of years lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability.

Question 22

BOD: YLL + YLD

Answer 22

YLL: A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death.
YLD: A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to illness, injury or disability.

Question 23

Health Status: Incidence

Answer 23

Refers to the number (or rate) of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period.

Question 24

Health Status: Prevalence

Answer 24

The total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

Question 25

The dynamic and subjective nature of disease

Answer 25

Dynamic: Diseases are continually changing. — Individual contracts infection, catching disease, then receives treatment, to decrease effect of disease and the infection will slowly leave, as its changing all the time. Subjective: The continuous changing behaviour of disease/injury impacts how an individual personally views and feels about the disease, and their opinion on what they are experiencing.

Question 26

Biological Factors meaning:

Answer 26

Factors relating to the body that impact on H+WB. Relates to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems of the body and how adequately they function.

Question 27

Sociocultural Factors meaning:

Answer 27

Relates to the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. Many of these factors are beyond the control of individuals.

Question 28

Environmental Factors meaning:

Answer 28

The physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. The way people interact with the physical environment can increase or decrease the risk of negative health outcomes.

Question 29

Bio Factors Examples:

Answer 29

Body weight: Obesity and overweight contribute significantly to variations in health outcomes between individuals and groups. Overweight and obesity are risk factors for a range of conditions including high blood pressure, CVD, T2D. Age: As people get older, the body begins to display the impact of the accumulation of years of cellular damage. Increases the risk of a range of conditions for older groups compared to younger groups. Genetics (including sex & hormones) : Genetic material — sex, body type, hormone production and personality — influences Health Status. Genetic predisposition — some individuals may be more likely to experience some conditions than others EG: skin cancer, depression, obesity.

Question 30

Socio Factors Examples:

Answer 30

Socioeconomic Status: Refers to a person's position in society relative to other people based on 3 factors > income, occupation, education. The more socioeconomically disadvantaged the poorer the health outcomes. Food Security: The quality, availability and affordability of the food supply all affect what people eat. Food insecurity > a shortage of such products leads to deficiency diseases + complications. Food plenty > an overconsumption of such products, also leading to complications. Cultural Background: refers to customs, ideas, values and traditions of a particular society that are passed through generations. Cultural backgrounds that impact health outcomes include gender stereotypes, food intake, attitudes and beliefs.

Question 31

Enviro Factors Exampls

Answer 31

Work Environment: People spend significant periods of time in their work environment. All have associated risks. Factors such as UV exposure, accidents and injuries, exposure to hazardous substances. Housing: Housing environment can promote or detract from H+WB. Poor quality housing is associated with higher rates of injury, mental health problems and infectious diseases. Urban Design and Infrastructure: Relates of features and structures in the areas in which people live - geographical location of resources (healthcare, schools, employment), - quality of roads, transport, communications, water and sanitation.

Question 32

The contribution to Australia's health status of: Smoking and Vaping

Answer 32

Cardiovascular Disease- - Tobacco smoke reduces oxygen in blood —› increased blood pressure + heart rate - Chemicals speeds up process of atherosclerosis (build up of LDL's - blood cholesterol, on artery walls) increasing risk of heart attack + stroke. - Chemicals make blood thicker, causing blood clots —› increase risk heart attack + stroke. Cancer- Smoking can cause a fault in body cells as they divide. This can lead to a cancerous tumour and, ultimately, cancer. Prenatal & infant health outcomes- During pregnancy, reduces blood flow to the baby, reduces the amount of nutrients available --› increasing risk of having a baby with low birth weight. More likely to have an underdeveloped immune system, making them more susceptible to infections.

Question 33

The contribution to Australia's health status of: Alcohol

Answer 33

Overweight and obesity- - Alcohol contains energy. Overtime alcohol use can contribute to a person becoming overweight or obese - risk factor range of health conditions - T2D, CVD, some cancers. Liver Disease- - Alcohol filtered through liver. Excessive consumption causes inflammation and scarring of liver tissue. — Liver doesn't function properly and toxins remain in body — over time — cirrhosis of liver. Mental health issues- - Alcohol use is associated with greater risk of suicide and self-inflicted injuries.

Question 34

The contribution to Australia's health status of: Underconsumption of dairy (food source + health outcomes)

Answer 34

Food source: relates to animal milk and products such as yoghurt and cheese. Soy and almond milk not technically a type of dairy. Osteoporosis- - Dairy provides calcium, and is necessary for the strengthening of bones. - Dairy prevents osteoporosis. Dental caries- - Calcium plays a significant role in the hardening of tooth enamel. - Underconsumption —› teeth are not as strong, increasing risk of dental caries. Type 2 Diabetes- - rather than consuming milk and other products - consume refined sugars —› leads to overweight and obesity —› T2D.

Question 35

The contribution to Australia's health status of: High intake of salt (food source + health outcomes)

Answer 35

Food source: - High-income countries — salt — processed foods + table salt. Hypertension- - high sodium levels in body draws fluid out of cells and into blood stream — increases blood volume — strain on heart increasing blood pressure and rates of hypertension. Cardiovascular disease- - Increased blood volume and hypertension forces heart to work harder — heart failure can result if heart cannot keep up with demand. - Hypertension associated with excess sodium intake contributes to higher rates of stroke and heart attack. Osteoporosis- - excess sodium is filtered through kidneys, calcium often removed and leads to demineralisation of bones and osteoporosis.

Question 36

The contribution to Australia's health status of: High intake of sugar (food source + health outcomes)

Answer 36

Food source: - type of carbohydrate found naturally in some foods (fruit and honey) and added to many processed foods (lollies, soft drinks). Overweight and obesity- - Sugars are fuel for the body — if consumed in excess — stored as adipose tissue. This can lead to weight gain and overweight and obesity — associated conditions. Dental caries and dental disease- - Sugars provide food source for bacteria in mouth — produce acids — decay of tooth enamel and development of dental caries — morbidity among children. - If left untreated — disease such as periodontitis — inflammation and infection of tissues that support teeth. In long term — loosening and loss of teeth.