Exam Revision

Question 1

The WHO definition of health and one positive and one limitation of the definition

Answer 1

‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’
Limitation:
Does not give everyone the opportunity to be considered healthy, making it difficult to attain.
Positive:
Recognises other dimensions of health (mental and social) and not just physical. This was the first definition to do this.

Question 2

The definition of health and wellbeing

Answer 2

‘Health and wellbeing is the state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by a balance in which the individual feels happy, healthy and engaged.’

Question 3

The meaning of the subjective nature of health and wellbeing with an example

Answer 3

How a person views their health. For example, when a patient explains to a doctor how they feel in their perspective.

Question 4

The meaning of the dynamic nature of health and wellbeing with an example

Answer 4

The dynamic nature of H&WB relates to the changes in someone’s health. It can either be gradual, where it may not be obvious as they are happening (like gaining weight) or dynamic, where the changes may occur quickly (like a car accident).

Question 5

Description and characteristics of physical H&WB

Answer 5

‘Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily tasks.’
- Healthy body weight
- Strong immune system
- Adequate energy levels

Question 6

Description and characteristics of social H&WB

Answer 6

‘Relates to the socialising capabilities of a person, and the ability to form meaningful relationships with others.’
- Productive relationships
- Ability to adapt to different social situations
- Supportive network of friends and family

Question 7

Description and characteristics of mental H&WB

Answer 7

‘Relates to the state of a person’s mind or brain, and relates to the ability to think and process information.’
- Low levels of stress and anxiety
- Process information to solve problems
- Positive self-esteem

Question 8

Description and characteristics of emotional H&WB

Answer 8

‘The ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express emotions as well as the ability to display resilience.’
- Recognise and understand a range of emotions
- Experience appropriate emotions in different situations
- Have a high level of resilience

Question 9

Description and characteristics of spiritual H&WB

Answer 9

‘Relates to the state of a person’s sense of meaning and value. It relates to how a person feels their ideas and beliefs resonate with the world.’
- A sense of belonging and connection to the world.
- Peace and harmony
- Positive meaning and purpose in life.

Question 10

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander concept of health and wellbeing and the importance of spiritual health and wellbeing to ATSI peoples

Answer 10

“Aboriginal wellbeing means not just the physical wellbeing of an individual but the social, emotional and cultural wellbeing of the whole Community in which each individual is able to achieve their full potential as a human being, thereby bringing about the total wellbeing of their Community. It is a whole-of-life view and includes the cyclical concept of life-death-life.”
Land is:
-The core of their existence
-Central to health and wellbeing
-What gives them a sense of belonging
-Filled with relations speaking language and following law, no matter the shape of that relation.

Question 11

Perspectives of health and wellbeing for males and females

Answer 11

Females tend to view all the dimensions of health, whilst males look at health referring to their physical health only. Women see health and wellbeing more from a perspective of diet, exercise routines, appropriate body shape and a positive mental state.

Question 12

Priorities of health and wellbeing for males and females

Answer 12

The priorities for men and women have been changing due to social media. There is a greater focus on the consumption of nutritious foods and not just regular physical activity.

Question 13

Perspectives of health and wellbeing for 8 – 15 years

Answer 13

Health is linked to diet, nutrition, weight, healthy and junk food, sports, fitness, mental health.

Question 14

Perspectives of health and wellbeing for 15 - 24 years

Answer 14

Health is linked to mental health, fitness, diet nutrition, friendships, education, and a healthy body.

Health associated with body image – if happy with physical appearance, activity – seen as healthy.

Question 15

Perspectives of health and wellbeing for 65 years+

Answer 15

Health is largely associated with illness prevention, H & WB about a person’s ability to live independently, and mobility.

Question 16

Psychological distress

Answer 16

‘Relates to unpleasant feelings and emotions that affect an individual’s level of functioning. Evidenced by psychological states such as depression, anxiety and anger.’

Question 17

Mortality

Answer 17

‘Mortality refers to death, particularly at a population level.’

Question 18

Morbidity

Answer 18

‘Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.’

Question 19

Life expectancy

Answer 19

‘An indication of how long a person can expect to live at a given time if current death rates do not change.’

Question 20

Burden of disease

Answer 20

‘Measures the impact of living with illness and injury and dying prematurely. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY(disability adjusted life years).’

Question 21

Macronutrient + examples

Answer 21

A nutrient consumed in large amounts.
-Protein
-Lipids/fats
-Carbohydrates (including fibre)

Question 22

Micronutrient + examples

Answer 22

A nutrient consumed in small amounts.
- Vitamins
- Minerals

Question 23

Dietitian

Answer 23

Dietitians have extra qualifications, and can provide dietary treatments. They work in hospitals and medical therapy.

Question 24

Nutritionist

Answer 24

A nutritionist helps individuals achieve optimal health, working in community or public spaces. They are not qualified to provide medical treatment. They may work in public spaces or in a hospital alongside dietitians.

Question 25

Validity of information sourced through a dietitain

Answer 25

Nutritionists and dietitians both have tertiary qualifications, but only dietitians are allowed to give medical treatments and diagnose medical conditions. Their information is valid, as they have university qualifications, and have credible sources.

Question 26

Websites + examples

Answer 26

There are countless nutrition websites, such as Nutrition Australia.
May be valid, usually if the link ends with: .gov, .edu, .vic, .org, etc.

Question 27

Social media

Answer 27

Usually biased and based on people’s personal opinions. (Belle Gibson)
Could very easily be told lies on social media. Very untrustworthy.

Question 28

Sodium (salt) food source + function in body

Answer 28

• Table salt
• Fish (sardines)
• Soy sauce
• Tomato sauce
• Olives
  Helps cells uptake nutrients and helps muscles contract. Balances bodily fluids.

Overconsumption –
Increases blood volume > risk for heart disease
Increase risk of osteoporosis

Question 29

Carbohydrate food source + function in body

Answer 29

• Brown rice
• Wholemeal bread
• Pasta
  ‘Bad source’:
• Sugars
• Lollies
• White flour
  Carbohydrates are the main source of energy. Provides 16kJ per gram.
  CHO > glucose > absorbed by blood stream > energy in every cell in the body.

Question 30

Iron food source + function in body

Answer 30

• Brown rices
• Red meat
• Nuts
• Eggs
• Fish
  -Green leafy vegetables
  Needed for production of red blood cells. These carry oxygen to all parts of the body.

Question 31

Protein food source + function in body

Answer 31

Animal >
- Chicken
- Eggs
- Sea food
Vegetables >
- Tofu
- Cheese
- Nuts
- Soy products
Main function is to build, repair and maintain body tissues. A second source of energy > 17kJ per gram.

Question 32

Saturated fat

Answer 32

Animal sources >
- Fatty cuts of meat
- Full cream milk
- Cheese
- Processed foods
Fuel for energy. Needed for production + maintenance of cell membranes. Hormone production.

Question 33

Trans fats

Answer 33

• Biscuits
• Cakes
• Pie
• Pastries
• Fried foods
  Some amounts are found in food but most are manufactured > They are converted from a liquid to a solid fat.

Question 34

Monounsaturated fat

Answer 34

Plant based >
- Avocado
- Canola oil
- Peanut butter
- Olive oil
Reduces the level of cholesterol (fat)(LDLs) in the blood stream.
- Good fat
- Provides 37 kJ per gram
- All types of fat are energy dense.

Question 35

Polyunsaturated fat

Answer 35

Omega 3 >
- Oily fish (sardines)
- Margarine
- Canola oil.
Omega 6 >
- Walnuts
- Seeds
- Soy
- Corn oil.
Omega 3
Promotes heart health > increases elasticity of blood vessels.
Omega 6
Lowers LDLs (bad) + increases HDLs (good).

Question 36

Fibre

Answer 36

• Apples
• Berries
• Sweet potatoes
• Whole grain cereal
• Brown rice
• Skins of fruit + vegetables
• Bananas
• Vegetables
  Promotes regular bowel movements
  > Adds bulk to faeces
  > Good gut health
  > Gives a feeling of fullness (satiety).

Question 37

Water

Answer 37

• Tap water
• Fruits (watermelon)
• Vegetables (cucumbers)
  Needed for hydration of the body
  Temperature regulations
  Softens faeces

Question 38

Calcium

Answer 38

• Milk
• Almonds
• Cheese
• Yoghurt
• Green leafy vegetables (spinach)
  Promotes strong bones
  Assists in nerve messages in the brain
  Promotes strong teeth

Question 39

How can the Healthy Eating Pyramid be used to promote healthy eating?

Answer 39

The HEP can be used to reduce the risk of many diseases, such as bowel cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis. The HEP shows obvious and clear images on what an individual’s recommended eating habits should look like. Showcasing organised layers tell people how to eat healthily. You can even overeat on healthy foods,thats why the food groups are put in organised groups based on how much they should be consumed.

The HEP is also very easy to read and understand. It’s helpful for younger kids or older people. With example images of foods instead of words, it displays the food groups and food sources very clearly. This makes it inclusive so that anyone can look at it and understand how to improve their diet without having to understand english or know many foods.

Question 40

Description of the Health Star Rating System

Answer 40

It is a front-of-packet labelling system, which rates the overall nutritional profile of packaged foods. Assigns a rating from ½ a star to 5 stars. The more stars, the healthier the choice.

Question 41

Product Placement – 2 examples and description of each

Answer 41

‘An advertising technique used by food and drink companies to subtly promote products through media.’
American Idol: Displaying coke cans in front of the celebrity judges.
Smurf film: Colour matching M&Ms with the smurf that falls into a tub of M&Ms.

Question 42

Social bloggers/influencers – 2 examples and description of each

Answer 42

‘Celebrity endorsements, across a broad array of categories, including HFSS food products, have been shown to increase sales, bring about more positive attitudes to brand and product, and increase purchase intentions.
Influencers are given sponsors, and they recommend products to their followers. Their many fans want to follow them and eat what they do.’
E.g.
1.Kim K recommending a diet program. Her fans will believe they’ll achieve her body, and buy the diet program. But this marketing strategy is biased and untrustworthy.
2. Taylor Swift in a Diet Coke ad, her large base of fans would also begin to consume Diet Coke more often in support or following of her.

Question 43

How does the Social factor ‘Family’ act as an enabler and barrier to healthy eating?

Answer 43

Enabler –
People in your family may be health conscious. Living around them frequently will influence good eating habits.
You consume the same things as your family (breakfast, lunch, dinner) and they share their healthy eating habits with you.
Barrier –
When going out to eat with your family, you may be peer pressured to eat at unhealthy places.
Or you may be pressured to eat whatever your parents cook for you, even if it’s unhealthy.

Question 44

How does the Political factor ‘Food Labelling’ act as an enabler and barrier to healthy eating?

Answer 44

Enabler -
When labels are easy to understand, they enable healthy food choices.
Barrier -
It’s confusing for young people who do not have the knowledge about nutrition. It also may be hard to understand and read some specific nutrients.