EXAM 2

Question 1

Physical Development

Answer 1

Refers to the changes in the body and it’s systems. These changes can be in size (growth), complexity and motor skills.

Question 2

Intellectual
Development

Answer 2

Refers to the increase in complexity of processes in the brain, such as thought, knowledge and memory.

Question 3

Emotional
Development

Answer 3

Emotional development relates to experiencing the full range of emotions, and increasing complexity relating to the expression of emotions, the development of a self-concept and resilience.

Question 4

Social Development

Answer 4

Social development the increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people.

Question 5

Health and Wellbeing

Answer 5

relating to the state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence and is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged

Question 6

Physical Health and Wellbeing
examples

Answer 6

relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks
- Healthy body weight
- Complete physical tasks adequately
- Freedom from disease, illness or injury

Question 7

Social Health and Wellbeing
examples

Answer 7

the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations
- Productive relationships
- Supportive family
- Ability to adapt to different social situations

Question 8

Mental Health and Wellbeing
examples

Answer 8

relates to the state of a person’s mind or brain and relates to the ability to think and process information. Optimal mental health and wellbeing enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic.
- Low levels of stress and anxiety
- Positive self-esteem
- Process information to solve problems

Question 9

Emotional Health and Wellbeing
examples

Answer 9

the ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express
emotions as well as the ability to display resilience
- Recognise and understand a range of emotions
- Experience appropriate emotions in different situations
- Have a high level of resilience

Question 10

Spiritual Health and Wellbeing
examples

Answer 10

relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and
reflection on a person’s place in the world.
- A sense of belonging and connection to the world
- Peace and harmony
- Develop personal values and beliefs

Question 11

Infancy
-When the stage begins
-When the stage ends
-2 Unique key features

Answer 11

– Birth - 2

• They develop motor skills at 2, and can walk
• Will be able to identify people close to them

Question 12

Early childhood
-When the stage begins
-When the stage ends
-2 Unique key features

Answer 12

2 - 6
- Learn social skills
- Can eat with adults at the table

Question 13

Late childhood
-When the stage begins
-When the stage ends
-2 Unique key features

Answer 13

6 - 12
- Attending primary school
- Slow and steady growth period

Question 14

Youth
-When the stage begins
-When the stage ends
-2 Unique key features

Answer 14

12 - 18
- Increases independence, and develops life goals
- Sexual maturity

Question 15

Early adulthood
-When the stage begins
-When the stage ends
-2 Unique key features

Answer 15

18 - 40
- Body is at physical peak from 25-30
- Steady decline in body systems

Question 16

Middle adulthood
-When the stage begins
-When the stage ends
-2 Unique key features

Answer 16

40 - 65
- Women experience menopause
- Children leave the home

Question 17

Late Adulthood
-When the stage begins
-When the stage ends
-2 Unique key features

Answer 17

65 - death
- Retirement
- Move in with family or an aged care

Question 18

Describe the process of fertilization.

Answer 18

Occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum and the genetic material fuse together, making a single cell called a zygote.

Question 19

Briefly explain what is meant by ‘teratogen’ and provide two examples

Answer 19

Something that interferes with embryo formation.
Tobacco
Alcohol

Question 20

Explain the impact smoking has on preterm development of a baby.

Answer 20

Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemicals, and acts to reduce oxygen flow to the placenta and exposes the developing foetus to numerous toxins. Fathers who smoke can have their fertility affected.

The unborn baby is at risk of:
- Low birthweight
- Miscarriage
- Prematurity
- Ectopic pregnancy

Question 21

Identify four characteristics of healthy and respectful relationships and unhealthy, disrespectful relationships

Answer 21

Healthy + Respectful relationships
- Respect » Show consideration for others feelings, needs, thoughts + right » treat each other in a thoughtful way
- Trust - in others that you think are reliable + dependable, feel safe around them
- Honesty - telling the truth + not keeping secrets. Not to lie, cheat, steal
- Empathy - capability to understand or feel what other people are experiencing by placing yourself in their position.

Unhealthy + disrespectful relationship
- Feeling uncomfortable around a person or group of people
- Being put down by others
- Not feeling appreciated, valued or cared for
- Relationship is unequal
- Low self-esteem + lack of confidence around others
- Being embarrassed, bullied or harassed

Question 22

What are some of the challenges parents face

Answer 22

• Finance. As supplying food, water, shelter and toys for a child can be difficult.
• Working. As some parents will be out of the house all day long, cannot take care of child.
• Single parenthood. With only one income, supplying for a child becomes harder. Then whilst the parent is at work, there’s nobody at home to take care of them.
• Having a child with disability
• Decrease in social life

Question 23

What are some of the responsibilities parents face

Answer 23

• To ensure that the rights that relate to a child’s needs and for an optimal environment for development are fulfilled.
• Be patient with your child.
• Enjoy parenting, and never belittle your kids.
• Spend quality time with your child, but give them their needed space and independence.
• Safety is one of the most important responsibilities to ensuring your child is healthy and out of danger.
• Give your child their needs, and don’t try to make them who you want them to be.
• Be consistent with your behaviour towards them.

Question 24

Authoritarian parenting style
desc + impact on H+WB

Answer 24

This parenting style is very hostile towards their child, and is very strict with discipline and sets rules. The parents rely on punishment, using verbal abuse or smacking.

This can impact physical health, if parents rely on smacking or yelling at their child. This physically harms their child, leaving a negative impact on their physical health and wellbeing. This also messes with their mental health and normalises violence in their lives.

Question 25

Uninvolved parenting style
desc + impact on H+WB

Answer 25

This parenting style allows the children to learn from their own experiences, and are usually neglectful. They focus on their own needs which is usually a result of mental health issues or substance use.

Uninvolved parenting can harm a child’s mental health, often leading to feelings of loneliness and low self-esteem. Without support, children may struggle with anxiety and sadness, as they miss the guidance and care needed for emotional security.

Question 26

Authoritative parenting style
desc + impact on H+WB

Answer 26

This parenting style listens to their child’s point of view, and allows the child it’s freedom but keeps consistent rules and boundaries. These parents give reasons for their rules.

This benefits a child’s mental health by providing both support and structure. This style, which combines warmth with clear expectations, helps children feel secure and valued. As a result, they often develop high self-esteem, resilience, and better emotional regulation.

Question 27

Permissive parenting style
desc + impact on H+WB

Answer 27

These parents are inconsistent with their behaviour, and can be harsh and demanding one day, then uninvolved and neglectful the next. They do not set any expectations for their child.

Permissive parenting can affect social health by making it hard for children to respect boundaries and rules. Without guidance on appropriate behavior, they may struggle with social skills, find it challenging to handle conflict, and have difficulty forming healthy relationships.

Question 28

Development definition

Answer 28

Development is defined as the series of orderly, predictable changes that occur from fertilisation until death.

Development is often characterised by milestones that are predictable and occur in a sequential order. There are four types of development: physical, intellectual, social, and emotional.

Question 29

What is the name of the organisation which handles complaints and what is the process to make a complaint?

Answer 29

The Health Complaints Commissioner (HCC) handles complaints.
The process starts with the person making the complaint informing a provider about their complaint. This complain gets lodged to the HCC, and is assessed. Either the complaint gets referred or declined, or the HCC confront of the source of the complaint (worker, hospital, patient, etc). There are three next results, early resolution, formal resolution or an investigation on the issue. All these results have an outcome of either an apology or solution and the complaint and outcome is recorded.

Question 30

patients rights

Answer 30

Access: Healthcare services and treatment that meets my needs.
Safety: Receive safe and high quality healthcare that meets national standards.
Respect: Be treated as an individual, and with dignity and respect.
Partnership: Ask questions and be involved in open and honest communication.
Information: Clear information about my condition, the possible benefits and risks of different tests and treatments, so I can give my informed consent.
Privacy: Have my personal privacy protected.
Give feedback: Provide feedback or make a complaint without it affecting the way that I am treated.

Question 31

patients responsibilities

Answer 31

Provide: Provide information about your past and present illnesses, hospitalisations, medications.
Ask: Ask questions when you do not understand the explanations given.
Follow: follow the instructions and medical orders of their doctors, nurses and medical support staff.
Report: Report any safety concerns immediately to their doctor, nurse or healthcare support staff.
Treat: Treat medical staff with respect.

Question 32

What are examples of primary and secondary sex characteristics for both males and females?

Answer 32

Primary Sex Characteristics
Males:
Penis enlarges
First ejaculation
Testes grow and start producing sperm
Females:
First ovulation
First menstruation
The ovaries, uterus, vagina, labia and clitoris enlarge in size

Secondary Sex Characteristics
Males:
Skin becomes oily
Facial hair appears
Voice lowers
Shoulders broaden
Increased stature
Increased muscle mass
Body hair develops including pubic, underarm, chest and arm hair
Females:
Skin becomes oily
Body hair develops including underarm and pubic hair
Increased fat to muscle ratio
Breasts develop
Hips widen

Question 33

What are some emotional development changes that take place during youth?

Answer 33

• Youth will begin to see themselves as distinct from other people and grow their own identity.
• They may have different views about their academic ability, social skills and physical capabilities.
• Beginning to experience complex emotions like shyness, surprise, etc.

Question 34

How can emotional development changes impact on social health and wellbeing of youth?

Answer 34

As an individual’s emotional health develops, they will understand a wider range of emotions, and know how to adapt to many more social situations. The older they grow, they may grow conflict between friends and relationships, experience the death of a loved one, or financial stress. Recovering from these events will help challenge an individual’s social skills and help them to understand who to grow close relationships with, such as finding trustworthy people or a suitable lifelong partner.

Question 35

Generation: Boomers
outline briefly characteristics

Answer 35

• Grew advertising and marketing
• Cold War
• Civil Rights Movement
• The Red Scare
• The moon landing

Question 36

Generation: GenZ
outline briefly characteristics

Answer 36

• More lenient parents
• Value collaboration
• Digit devices widespread and available
• Expect everything to happen quickly.
• Children of Gen X or Millennial parents.

Question 37

Explain the importance of consuming iodine during pregnancy.

Answer 37

Iodine assists to develop the baby’s brain and nervous system.

Question 38

List two foods women should avoid during pregnancy and which they should consume more of.

Answer 38

Foods to avoid consuming
- Soft cheeses
- Soft serve ice-cream
- Raw fish
Foods to consume more of
- Eggs
- Fruits
- Vegetables

Question 39

What is the intergenerational concept of health and wellbeing and how can it impact the health status of children and adolescents?

Answer 39

The intergenerational nature of health and wellbeing means that the health and wellbeing and development of one generation influences the health and wellbeing and development of the next.

This impacts the health status of children and adolescents by raising them around certain influences, like for example, if a generation is filled with smokers and alcohol/drug consumers, this may influence their children or the next generation to take part in such dangerous activities. This results in a higher risk of hospitalisation, lung cancer or other severe illnesses. Or if a parent over consumes alcohol whilst pregnant, the child may result in FASD, impacting the child’s health status by raising the prevalence of diagnoses and hospitalisation rates, as well as significantly lowering life expectancy.

Question 40

Medicare:
- Description/Key Features/Pros and Cons
- What it covers
- How is it funded?

Answer 40

Medicare is Australia’s universal health insurance scheme that provides free or subsidised medical treatment to all Australian citizens.
Although we pay for it in our taxes many people see it as our ‘free’ healthcare option.
Any Australian citizen or permanent resident can access Medicare.
Cons: Does not cover cosmetic surgery, ambulance services, glasses, hearing aids, most dental exams, prosthetics. Waiting lists for many treatments, no choice of doctor for in hospital services.

• IN and OUT of hospital expenses
• Doctors
• Specialist fees
• X-rays
• Blood tests
• Eye tests
• A 75% schedule fee to a private hospital
• General taxation, collected from the general income tax of all Australians.
• The Medicare levy, a 2.5% tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers. Income above $20,000.
• The Medicare levy surcharge, added on to taxes for people without private health insurance. Single income over $90,000 or family income over $180,000 will pay the surcharge.

Question 41

PBS:
- Description/Key Features/Pros and Cons
- What it covers
- Impact on H+WB

Answer 41

• P H+WB: Ensuring that essential medicines for conditions like diabetes, heart disease and mental health are accessible. Manages symptoms and maintains physical health.
• M H+WB: Accessing affordable medications reduces financial stress and anxiety around healthcare expenses.
• S H+WB: Reducing the financial burden of illness, PBS allows individuals to maintain better relationships and social connections without the strain of high healthcare costs.