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Question 1

Define Culture. Contrast surface to deep culture providing and example of each

Answer 1

Culture is a dynamic system of rules, explicit and impkicit, established by groups in order to ensure their survival, involving attitudes, values, beliefs, norms and behaviors. Surface level culture changes at a fast rate and includes things such as popular music, clothing, and hairstyles. However, deep culture is slow to change and includes values such as religious beliefs and values in human relationships. Clearer boundaries can be seen between cultures at the deep culture level.

Question 2

Describe one study that suggests culture influences behavior

Answer 2

Name: Masuda and Nisbett
Aim: To investigate the impact of culture on perception
Method: Quasai experiment
Participants: 36 American students and 41 Japense students both from universities
Procedures:
Each participant watched eight animated vignettes of underwater scenes for 20 seconds
After each vignette, participants were asked what they saw in the animation
Objectes were coded into nine categories for examples, background fish, active animals, water, and environment.
Results: Japanese students recalled more background information, and more information about inert objects than American students. American students started their statements by mentioning focal fish more than Japanese students. On average, Japanese students recalled more objects from each category. Americans: around 253 —- Japenese: around 316

Question 3

Describe one cultural dimension

Answer 3

One cultural dimension is individualism vs. collectivism. Individualism includes characteristics such as the right to privacy, group relations and connections are weak, tasks prevail over relationships, and more “I” consciousness. However collectivism has characteristics of stronger connections with others, stress on belonging, the idea that harmony should always be maintained, and is more “we” consciousness.

Question 4

Describe one study that supports the cultural dimension

Answer 4

Name: Smith & Bond
Aim: to conduct a meta analysis of 133 conformity studies (ones that use the Asch paradigm).
Method: Meta analysis
Participants: from 17 countries including the U.S., U.K., Portugal, France, Hong Kong
Procedure: Examined the results of the 133 studies.
Results: Collectivist countries conform more than individualistic countries. Fiji conforms the most, U.K. the least.
Conclusions: Culture influences rates of conformity

Question 5

Define enculturation

Answer 5

Enculturation is the process by which people learn the dynamics of their surrounding culture and acquire norms and values. It is what shapes you into and allows you to become a member of your society.

Question 6

Describe one study that supports enculturation

Answer 6

Name: Odden & Rochat
Aim: To investigate the role of observational learning in enculturation in Samoa which is a high power distance society
Method: Case study with longitudinal design
Participants: Children ages 4-12
Procedure: Observe children over 25 months and then at the end of the study complete a multiple choice exam testing their knowledge of Samoan society including the Chief system.
Result 1: Researchers noted 50 examples of children watching adults fishing but only one example of an adult inviting a child to try. When they were at least 10 they began using the fishing equpiment and by the time they were 12 they knew how to fish even though they were never taught.
Result 2: The multiple choice test shows that most children had a basic understanding of the concepts and rituals of their society even though they had not been specifically taught them, they had just learned by observing and overhearing.

Question 7

Define acculturation. List the four acculturation strategies according to Berry

Answer 7

Acculturation is the socialization process in which foreign born individuals adopt the values and norms of a dominant host culture. It is how one adopts to a new culture. The four strategies are assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization.

Question 8

Describe one study that supports acculturation

Answer 8

Name: Cervellon and Dubé
Aim: To investigate if Chinese individuals acculturation into western culture or adhere to their original taste preferences
Method: Questionnaire
Procedure:
Each participant filled out a questionnaire asking them to identify a single food their liked the most and a single food they disliked. They had to explain why.
The types of food were divided into 8 categories: meat and meat substitutes, dairy, cereal, fish, fruit. Vegetables, sweets, and mixed
The reasons were cognitive, affective, and sensory
Results: The Chinese-Candadian group liked vegetables 15% more than the chinese group and liked dairy products 6% more than the chinese group. The chinese group liked cereals 19% more than the chinese-canadian group. ;