sab1 Flashcards
Define the four required conditions in Social Cognitive Theory (ARM) What role does self-efficacy play in performing a behavior?
Attention- In order to learn a behavior, the learner must pay attention to the model. There are certain factors that Influence whether or not attention is paid. These are the attractiveness of the model, authority of the model, and desirability of the model
2. Retention-The observer must be able to remember the behavior that has been observed in order to produce that behavior immediately or after some time.
3. Reproduction-observers must physically or/or mentally be able to carry out the behavior- that is, there needs to be a certain level of self-efficacy.
4. Motivation-learners must want to replicate the behavior that they have observed. In order to do this, they must understand that the potential outcome is if they repeat the behavior-that bandura called outcome expectancies.
elf-efficacy plays a role in performing a behavior because individuals with higher self-efficacy have been found more likely to believe they can solve problems and can recover quickly from setbacks. This means that if an individual has higher self-efficacy and has a setback, they will most likely continue to try and perform the behavior even though they have failed once before.
Describe one study that supports Social Cognitive Theory
Aim- investigate effects of 16 and pregnant on teen sexual activity and the rate of teen pregnancy
B. method- correlation
b. Participants- people between the ages of 12-24
c. procedure-
Identified specific cities where the show was popular
Measured if these areas had a greater decrease in teen pregnancy rates
Analyzed google searches directly after a show airing
d. Results- geographical areas where the show was popular had a lower levels of teen pregnancy. after a show airing there was a spike in how to get birth control searches
5.7% reduction in teen births within the first 18 months of airing, 17.5% reduction in teen pregnancies during the same period.
e. Conclusion- due to outcome expactancies, the MTV show 16 and pregnant has reduced rates of teen pregnancy.
Define the three stages of Social Identity Theory. Provide an example of positive distinctiveness
Categories- we place individuals in groups. This creates a social world of us vs them. Creates out group-homogeneity, which states everyone in your out-group is the same.
2. Identity- we adopt the values and behaviors of the group. Having a social identity increases self esteem.
3. Compare- we enhance our identity by making comparisons to out groups with the goal of positive distinctiveness with other relevant groups.
An example of positive distinctiveness is the meridian lacrosse team is more athletic and scholarly than lacrosse teams in the surrounding area.
Describe one study that supports Social Identity Theory
Aim- to investigate the effects of discrimination on academic performance
b. Method- quasi experiment (she selected her class) with repeated measure design (both groups got to feel discrimination)
c. participants- third grade class, 20 students, all white
d. Procedure- Class was separated into groups based on eye color, blue or brown. On day 1, blue eyed kids were given special privileges. On day 2 it was reversed. Students worked with Orton Gilinham card deck (phonics strategy to teach kids world information)
e. Results- TIMES TO COMPLETE CARD DECK Discriminated Brown eyes: 5:30 Non-Discriminated blue eyes: 3:00 Discriminated Blue eyes: 4:18 Non-Discriminated Brown eyes: 2:30
f. Conclusion- Group membership influences self view and behavior
Define illusory correlation
Illusory correlation refers to seeing a relationship (a correlation) between two variables. For example hair color, and intelligence. However, in fact, there is no correlation between the two.
Describe one study that supports the role of illusory correlation in stereotype formation
Hamilton & Gifford (1976)-
1. aim-Investigate if participants overestimate the frequency of distinctive behaviors.
2. Method- Repeated measure experiment.
3. Participants- 70 Yale psychology students. M=19.6 (35m 35f)
4. Procedure- participants read 39 descriptions of two groups: A (large group; 26 descriptions) and B (small group, 13 descriptions) 2:1 ratio of descriptions. Example one- “Bruce, who is a member of group A, does volunteer work for his church” Example two-”Joe, group B, made his friend uncomfortable with sarcastic remarks.” All behaviors were either helpful or hurting After descriptions were read, parts were asked to estimate the number of descriptions for each group
5. results- 4 and 6 are important, overestimate hurting behaviors for group b
6. Conclusion- parts overestimated hurting behaviors for minority group b cus actions were rare and distinctive. Group A associated with helping B opposite Drawbacks include population validity and ecological validity
- Define stereotype threat
Stereotype threat occurs when one is placed in a situation that may confirm a negative stereotype of their in-group. The stereotyped threat causes one to underperform compared to others not impacted by the stereotyped. For exmaple, a common stereotype is that girls are worse at math than boys so if a girl is aware of this stereotype and given a math test they may get more nervous.
- Describe one study that supports the stereotyped threat
One study that supports the stereotype threat is Spencer et al. The aim of this study was to investigae the effects of sterotyped threat on mathematic performance. The method used was an independent sample experiment. Participants took the math section of the GMAT. Participants in the no-gender-difference condition were told men and women perform equally on the test. In the control condition, participants were given no information about gender differences on the test. Results showed in the control condition, males, on average scored a 21 whereas females scored a 6.8. In the no gender difference condition, males scored a 19.1 while females scored a 18.3.
