Abnormal quiz 1 Flashcards
- Outline five traits of abnormality according to Rosenhan and Seligman (1989).
Suffering - in physical or psychological pain
Irrationality - person experiences delusions/hallucinations
Unpredictability - In normal situations, the behavior is inappropriate
Violation of moral standards - going against societal norms.
Observer discomfort - if others feel uncomfortable by the actions.
- Outline five traits of normality according to Jahoda (1958).
True perceptions of the world – able to meet the varying demands of day-to-day situations
Realistic self-esteem – perception of one’s worth
Efficient self-perception – overall perception of oneself
Productivity – the ability to be productive, and motivated to do so.
Autonomy – Voluntary control over own behavior
- Explain the DSM. In your explanation, define the medical model along with a strength and limitation of the model. State one difference between the DSM and ICD.
The DSM is a classification system created by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for diagnosing mental disorders.
It follows the medical model, which views mental disorders as medical conditions and emphasizes their biological aspects. This approach provides a structured and standardized approach to diagnosis, promoting consistent understanding and treatment.
However, a limitation of the medical model is its narrow focus on biological factors, overlooking social and environmental influences.
The DSM differs from the ICD in the way that it emphasizes symptom clusters, while the ICD takes a more comprehensive approach considering various factors.
- Describe confirmation bias.
Tendency to search for, interpret, and recall info that confirms preexisting beliefs. Professionals search for information that allows them to confirm the initial diagnosis. It also helps form and re-confirm stereotypes we have about people.
In terms of diagnosis, it can decrease the validity of a diagnosis since it affects how experts interpret symptoms
- Describe one study related to confirmation bias.
Name - Temerlin and Lee
Aim - To investigate the effect of interpersonal factors in diagnosis
Method - Quasi-experiment (IS design)
Procedure -
(split into groups by hospital)
All parts listen to a recording of a trained actor (deception)
During the video, he was portrayed as a happily married man who experienced a happy childhood. He was not hostile, anxious, or delusional. He was happily married and only ever had slight disagreements with her
Prior to recording parts were told 3 socioeconomic classes for actor (low, medium, and high)
After recording parts rated mental health of actor on Likert scale (1-normal 9-delusional)
Result -
Control group: 2.5
High SES 2.3
Middle SES: 3.7
Low SES 5.5
- Describe labeling theory.
How self-identity and behavior may be influenced by terms used to classify them.
This makes diseases easy to communicate and find information on
Stigmatized diseases
Can be used as excuse
Wrong labels can harm self-esteem
- Describe one study related to labeling theory in diagnosis.
Name - Langer and Abelson
Aim - To investigate if different psychological orientations would influence perception.
Method - IS experiment
Procedure -
Parts watched a 15 minute interview between professor and a young man.
The voice of the professor was muted for focus to be on man
Parts were either told that it was a job interview or therapy session
They then had to rate the young man on likert scale(1-very disturbed 10-very well)
Results -
Job applicant label - 6.22
Therapy patient label - 4.4
- Define validity in relation to diagnosis.
Whether the diagnosis is correct and leads to correct treatment
- Describe one study that questions validity in diagnosis.
Name- Rosenhan
Aim- To investigate if hospital staff could discern the difference between patients and pseudo-patient.
Method- Field experiment
Procedure-
Staff in psychiatric facilities were told that pseudo patients would be sent to gain entry into hospitals (they were aware this has happened before).
193 patients were evaluated
Results-
41 of the 193 patients were judged by a staff member to be a pseudo-patient. Rosenhan did not send anyone.
- Define reliability in relation to diagnosis.
Whether two or more psychiatrists using the same classification system make the same diagnosis
- Describe one study that questions the reliability of diagnosis.
Name- Cooper et al.
Aim- To investigate the reliability of the diagnosis of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Method- Quasi experiment
Procedure-
Parts watched unstructured interviews of eight psychiatric patients and were asked to diagnose patients. The videos were 20-50 minutes long.
Parts then answered two questionnaires:
Impatient multidimensional psychiatric scale
116-item checklist of commonly used terms to describe patients
Results-
The U.K. parts were more likely to diagnose patients with bipolar disorder while the U.S. parts were likely to diagnose the same patients with schizophrenia.
