SAB 22 Mark Flashcards
Question 1. One example of a potential influence of culture on one behavior
(Topic 2) (Studies)
Name- Kulkofsky et al.
Aim- Investigate influence of culture on flashbulb memories
Number of participants - 274
Method- Mixed (interview & survey)
Procedure- Participants from countries with differing levels of individualism were given five minutes to recall as many public events that occurred in their lifetime. They were asked questions about each event (interview), then asked eight questions about the memory based on a 1-7 likert scale (survey).
Results- Average number of flashbulb memories recalled by each country:
Britain- 14.7
US- 12.2
Germany- 9
Turkey- 6.5
China- 6
Conclusion- Culture influences the production of flashbulb memories. Display rules (a culture’s informal norms about how to appropriately express emotion) could prevent one from freely expressing negative emotion, leading to less flashbulb memories.
Name- Becker et al.
Aim- Investigate the impact of the introduction of TV on eating disorder attitudes among Fijian teen girls
Method- Natural experiment
Procedure- Teen girls in Fiji took EAT26 (a survey to calculate disordered eating behavior) in 1995 and again in 1998.
Results- Percent of EAT26 scores over 20 (engaging in active eating disorder behavior) increased from 12.7% to 29.2%, and reported self induced vomiting increased from 0% to 11.3%
Conclusion- TV has impact on eating disorders when introduced to media-naive populations
Question 1. One example of a potential influence of culture on one behavior
(Topic 2) (Critical Thinking, Key Vocabulary)
Critical Thinking:
Study One (Kulkofsky et al.):
Low internal validity- people can lie on a survey and there might be other causes for number of memories such as lower media access or less significant events
Moderate external validity- uses multiple countries, and asks about true events
Study Two (Becker et al.):
Historical validity- how we consume media has changed since 1998
Very low internal validity
KEY VOCAB:
Culture definition- Dynamic system of rules, both explicit and implicit, established by groups in order to ensure their survival, involving attitudes, values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors.
Surface culture- Changes at a rapid rate (popular music, clothing, & hairstyles)
Deep culture- Slow to change (religious beliefs and values in human relationships)
Objective culture- Refers to aspects of culture that are tangible such as food, religious buildings, and rituals
Subjective culture- Refers to norms, beliefs, attitudes, and values
Cultural norms- Are patterns of behavior that are typical to a specific group (ex: eye contact and tipping)
Flash Bulb memories- Memories centered around one specific big, surprising, or emotional event that is captured as a “snapshot”. These memories seem much more vivid although they are just as accurate as any other memory.
Display rules- a culture’s informal norms about how to appropriately express emotion
Question 2. The role of one cultural dimensions in behavior (Topic 2, studies)
Study One:
Name- Kulkofsky et al.
Aim- Investigate influence of culture on flashbulb memories
Method- Mixed (interview & survey)
Procedure- Participan
ts from countries with differing levels of individualism were given five minutes to recall as many public events that occurred in their lifetime. They were asked questions about each event (interview), then asked eight questions about the memory based on a likert scale (survey).
Results- Average number of flashbulb memories recalled by each country:
Britain- 14.7
US- 12.2
Germany- 9
Turkey- 6.5
China- 6
Conclusion- Culture influences the production of flashbulb memories. Display rules (a culture’s informal norms about how to appropriately express emotion) could prevent one from freely expressing negative emotion, leading to less flashbulb memories.
Study Two:
Name- Smith and Bond
Aim- To conduct a meta analysis of 133 conformity studies (ones that use the Asch paradigm- different line matching)
Method- Meta analysis
Procedure- Examine the results of the 133 studies done in 17 different countries
Results- Collectivist countries conform more than individualistic countries. Fiji conforms the most,
U.K. the least
Conclusion- Culture influences rates of conformity
Question 2. The role of one cultural dimensions in behavior (Topic 2) (Critical Thinking, Key Vocabulary)
Key Vocabulary/Terms Definitions:
Gurt Hofsteade’s research- Creator of the six cultural dimensions
Hofsteade was from the Netherlands, met a girl from England, and was fascinated by the differences in their culture
He conducted a large survey from the 1960s to 1970s that examined value differences among different divisions of IBM, a multinational computer manufacturing company
Individualism and collectivism- Refers to a countries interpersonal relationships
Individualistic traits (“I” consciousness):
Right to privacy
Personal opinion expected (one person, one vote)
Group relations and connections are weak
Tasks prevail over relationships
Speaking one’s mind is healthy
Collectivist traits (“We” consciousness):
Stress on belonging
Opinions and votes predetermined by in-group
Strong connections with other people
Relationships prevail over tasks
Harmony should always be maintained
Individualist countries- US, Canada, UK
Collectivist countries- Guatemala, China, India
Flash Bulb memories- Memories centered around one specific big, surprising, or emotional event that is captured as a “snapshot”. These memories seem much more vivid although they are just as accurate as any other memory.
Critical Thinking:
Study One (Kulkofsky et al.):
Low internal validity- people can lie on a survey
Moderate external validity- uses multiple countries, and asks about true events
Study Two (Smith and Bond):
Low population validity- 97 studies came from the US and only one study was
conducted in Fiji. This may have
influence the results
Low historical validity- Studies were done between 1952-1992 which was during the cold war, could have affected conformity
Question 1. Studies of the enculturation of one behavior (Topic 3 Studies)
Study One:
Name- Odden and Rochett
Aim- To investigate the role of observational learning (based SCT) in enculturation in Samoa
Method- Case study with longitudinal design (2 years)
Procedure- Children in Samoa observed over 25 months and at the end of the study the children complete a multiple choice exam that tests their knowledge of the values of Samoan society, including the Chief system.
Results- Researchers noted 50 examples of kids observing adults while fishing. By the time they were 10, they were able to fish by themselves without ever having been taught. They were also able to understand Samoan norms by just observing.
Conclusion- Observation is a potent and central mechanism in
enculturation
Study Two:
Name- Martin & Halvorsone (in CAB)
Aim- To investigate whether existing sex-typing schema could distort memories of experiences that are inconsistent with those schemas
1983 when study was done
Method- Quasi experiment
48 children ranging of ages 5-6
Procedure-
Each child was shown 16 pictures each for a total of 10 seconds (½ were gender stereotypical, ½ were not)
Then asked to identify the gender and age of the actor in the picture and rate how similar the actor was to the child.
After a week, each participant comes back and is asked to recall the pictures.
Results-
Both girls and boys were likely to incorrectly recall the sex of an actor who appeared in pictures where performing behaviors were inconsistent with traditional gender stereotypes
More likely to recall the sex of the actor who was performing the correct action for their stereotype
84 % of errors were on gender incongruent pictures
Conclusion- One’s pre-existing schema influences memory
Question 1. Studies of the enculturation of one behavior (Topic 3 Key Vocab and Critical thinking)
Key Vocabulary/Terms Definitions:
Enculturation definition- Process by which one learns the dynamics of their surrounding culture, norms, and values. It shapes you into you and allows you to become a member of society
Direct tuition- The process of learning culture from gatekeepers (parents and teachers) through reinforcement and punishment
What it teaches you- Norms and values; believes and expectation; teaches you how to fit into your society
Relation to SCT- You learn a lot of enculturation through SCT (observational learning)
Gender roles- Enculturation is used to teach and assign gender roles in society
Critical Thinking:
Study One (Odden and Rochett):
Low external validity- not a lab study and only one village was studied
No standardized method for data collection
Study Two (Martin and Halversine):
Low ecological validity
Historical validity
Acculturation (Topic 3 studies)
Study One:
Name- Lueck and Wilson
Aim- To investigate variables that may predict acculturative stress (AS) in Asians immigrants to the U.S.
Method- Semi structured interview
Participants- 2095 Asian Americans; 1271 were first generation. The sample consisted of 600 Chinese, 508 Filipino, 520 Vietnamese, and 467 other Asians.
Procedure- Participants were asked sets of questions about their acculturation experience. Each was one-to-one online or in person and interviewer was person of similar ethnic descent Some questions included:
“Do you feel guilty for leaving your family and friends in your country of origin?”
“How well do you speak English?”
“How often have you been threatened or harassed?”
Results- 70% of the sample experienced AS. Factors such as not speaking english well, negative treatment, not sharing values with family, and not being satisfied with their economical opportunities lead to higher levels of AS.
Conclusion- AS is common and can be influenced by multiple factors. The sample was diverse among Asian backgrounds yet the method is time consuming and prone to bias.
Study Two:
Name- Cervellon and Dube
Aim- To investigate if Chinese individuals acculturated into western culture adhere to their original taste preferences
Method- Questionnaire
Procedure- Each participant filled out a questionnaire asking them to identify a single food they liked the most and a single food they disliked. They had to explain why. Types of food were divided into 8 categories: meat and meat substitutes, dairy, cereal, fish, fruit, vegetables, sweets, and mixed. Reasons why were also coded into categories such as cognitive, health, convenience, ect.
Results- The Chinese-Canadian group liked vegetables (15%; 6%) and dairy products (21%; 4%) more than the Chinese group. The Chinese group liked cereals (19%) more than the Chinese-Canadian group (8%). This is the only significant data concluded from the study. Everything else had little to no difference.
Conclusion- Comparisons between the Chinese acculturated into a Western culture and the Chinese from China revealed little change to the balance for liking food. In simple terms, one may relinquish their language, values, and beliefs, but not food.
Acculturation (Topic 3 Key Vocab Critical thinking)
Key Vocabulary/Terms Definitions:
Acculturation-
Socialization process in which foreign born individuals adopt the values, customs, norms, attitudes, and behaviors or dominant host culture. In simplistic terms, it is how one adapts to a new culture
John Berry created four fold model
Four strategies-
Assimilation:
is when an immigrant has little interest in keeping their own cultural heritage, and fully embraces the culture of their new home.
Integration:
occurs when an immigrant wants to maintain their cultural heritage, but also wantms to learn some of the values, attitudes, norms and behaviors of their new home. This is also known as biculturalism.
Marginalization:
occurs when an immigrant is neither interested in keeping their original culture, nor interested in taking on the culture of their new home.
Separation:
occurs when an immigrant is primarily interested in maintaining their cultural background, and has no desire to integrate with the larger society.
Acculturated stress- is the psychological,
somatic, and social difficulties that may
accompany acculturation. Acculturative
stress is often referred to as “culture
shock”.
Critical Thinking:
Study One (Lueck and Wilson):
High population validity- sample was diverse among asian backgrounds
Low internal validity- method is time consuming and prone to bias
Study Two (Cervellon and Dube):
The study only stated the liked and disliked food, not a fixed list of food items. Also only asked for one per person
Low population validity since study only identified taste preferences between two cultures and the same might not apply for other nations. Canada might have especially bland foods
Question 1 how globalization may influence behavior (Topic 4 Studies)
Study One:
Name- Becker et al.
Aim- Investigate the impact of the introduction of TV on eating disorder attitudes among Fijian teen girls
Method- Natural experiment
Procedure- Teen girls in Fiji took EAT26 (a survey to calculate disordered eating behavior) in 1995 and again in 1998.
Results- Percent of EAT26 scores over 20 (engaging in active eating disorder behavior) increased from 12.7% to 29.2%, and reported self induced vomiting increased from 0% to 11.3%
Conclusion- TV has impact on eating disorders when introduced to media-naive populations
Study Two:
Background- Over time, Japanese culture has become more and more individualistic due to westernization and globalization. Examples: family size has decreased, divorce rate has increased, independence in child socialization has become more prioritized, parents have given their children more unique names, showing individuality, and fewer three generation households
Name- Ogihara and Uchida
Aim- To investigate how a change in values might be influencing the subjective well-being of young Japanese students.
Method- Correlation, Questionnaire
Procedure- Japanese students and US students were given two questionnaires:
a.) Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale. An example would be: “I can’t respect myself if I break relationship harmony within my group.” Each question was on a Likert scale (1-7).
b.) Subjective well-being (SWB) was measured with the Satisfaction With Life Scale.
Lastly, students had 10 minutes to develop a sociogram of close friends. A “close friend” variable was defined as the number of people with whom the participants felt comfortable.
Results- Negative correlation between individualism in Japanese students and their overall well being (more individualism → less happiness and satisfaction). Japanese students had a harder time making friends when they were more individualistic. This was not the case for the american students since they are used to being more individualistic.
Conclusion- Individualism negatively affects Japanese student’s well being, but not US students
Question 1 how globalization may influence behavior (Topic 4 Vocab Critical thinking)
Key Vocabulary/Terms Definitions:
What it means to live in a globalized society
Globalization definition-
Process of interacting and integrating among
different people of different nations. This is driven by business and aided by technology
(60% of the world’s population has internet access) and international travel.
Local Culture- The culture one grows up in
Global Culture- The culture you learn about and perhaps adapt to (online cultures)
Delocalization- Giving up local culture to embrace global culture
Effects of globalized society- One result of
globalization is Cultural globalization-an increasing interconnectedness among different people and cultures because it involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge
Globalization on mental health- Globalization has been proven to worsen mental health by setting unhealthy standards and a quickly changing society that people can not adapt to.
Critical Thinking:
Study One (Becker et al.):
Teens in Fiji could have had eating disorders prior to 1995
Study Two (Ogihara and Uchida):
Due to anonymity, people could answer questions truthfully
This study of college students, would these results be the same if they were older, or younger.
Question 2. The effect of the interaction of global and local cultural influences on behavior (Topic 4 Studies)
Study One:
Name- Becker et al.
Aim- Investigate the impact of the introduction of TV on eating disorder attitudes among Fijian teen girls
Method- Natural experiment
Procedure- Teen girls in Fiji took EAT26 (a survey to calculate disordered eating behavior) in 1995 and again in 1998.
Results- Percent of EAT26 scores over 20 (engaging in active eating disorder behavior) increased from 12.7% to 29.2%, and reported self induced vomiting increased from 0% to 11.3%
Conclusion- TV has impact on eating disorders when introduced to media-naive populations
Study Two:
Background- Over time, Japanese culture has become more and more individualistic due to westernization and globalization. Examples: family size has decreased, divorce rate has increased, independence in child socialization has become more prioritized, parents have given their children more unique names, showing individuality, and fewer three generation households
Name- Ogihara and Uchida
Aim- To investigate how a change in values might be influencing the subjective well-being of young Japanese students.
Method- Correlation, Questionnaire
Procedure- Japanese students and US students were given two questionnaires:
a.) Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale. An example would be: “I can’t respect myself if I break relationship harmony within my group.” Each question was on a Likert scale (1-7).
b.) Subjective well-being (SWB) was measured with the Satisfaction With Life Scale.
Lastly, students had 10 minutes to develop a sociogram of close friends. A “close friend” variable was defined as the number of people with whom the participants felt comfortable.
Results- Negative correlation between individualism in Japanese students and their overall well being (more individualism → less happiness and satisfaction). Japanese students had a harder time making friends when they were more individualistic.
Conclusion- Individualism negatively affects Japanese student’s well being, but not US students
Question 2. The effect of the interaction of global and local cultural influences on behavior (Topic 4 Critical thinking Key vocab)
Key Vocabulary/Terms Definitions
Emphasize difference between local and global culture
Critical Thinking:
Study One (Becker et al.):
Teens in Fiji could have had eating disorders prior to 1995
Study Two (Ogihara and Uchida):
Due to anonymity, people could answer questions truthfully
This study of college students, would these results be the same if they were older, or younger.
Question 3. Methods used to study the influence of globalization on behavior
(Topic 4 Studies)
Study One:
Name- Becker et al.
Aim- Investigate the impact of the introduction of TV on eating disorder attitudes among Fijian teen girls
Method- Natural experiment
Procedure- Teen girls in Fiji took EAT26 (a survey to calculate disordered eating behavior) in 1995 and again in 1998.
Results- Percent of EAT26 scores over 20 (engaging in active eating disorder behavior) increased from 12.7% to 29.2%, and reported self induced vomiting increased from 0% to 11.3%
Conclusion- TV has impact on eating disorders when introduced to media-naive populations
Study Two:
Background- Over time, Japanese culture has become more and more individualistic due to westernization and globalization. Examples: family size has decreased, divorce rate has increased, independence in child socialization has become more prioritized, parents have given their children more unique names, showing individuality, and fewer three generation households
Name- Ogihara and Uchida
Aim- To investigate how a change in values might be influencing the subjective well-being of young Japanese students.
Method- Correlation, Questionnaire
Procedure- Japanese students and US students were given two questionnaires:
a.) Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale. An example would be: “I can’t respect myself if I break relationship harmony within my group.” Each question was on a Likert scale (1-7).
b.) Subjective well-being (SWB) was measured with the Satisfaction With Life Scale.
Lastly, students had 10 minutes to develop a sociogram of close friends. A “close friend” variable was defined as the number of people with whom the participants felt comfortable.
Results- Negative correlation between individualism in Japanese students and their overall well being (more individualism → less happiness and satisfaction). Japanese students had a harder time making friends when they were more individualistic.
Conclusion- Individualism negatively affects Japanese student’s well being, but not US students
Question 3. Methods used to study the influence of globalization on behavior
(Topic 4 Methods+ Critical thinking)
Key Vocabulary/Terms Definitions
Natural experiment-
Naturalistic observation is a research method that involves observing subjects in their natural environment. This approach is often used by psychologists and other social scientists. It is a form of qualitative research, which focuses on collecting, evaluating, and describing non-numerical data.
Natural experiments lead to a very high ecological validity since no variables are set that change behavior. Also leads to low internal validity since it is hard to control specific variables
Correlation studies-
Correlational studies are used to assess if a relationship exists between two variables. Variables can be measured through three data collection methods, including natural observation, archival data, and surveys.
Critical Thinking:
Study One (Becker et al.):
Teens in Fiji could have had eating disorders prior to 1995
Study Two (Ogihara and Uchida):
Due to anonymity, people could answer questions truthfully
This study of college students, would these results be the same if they were older, or younger.
