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Vet Nurse Small Animal Diploma CQ > SA13 Medical Nursing > Flashcards

SA13 Medical Nursing Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an incision wound?

A
  • Clean cut
  • Caused by sharp object
  • Glass, scalpel blade, etc
  • Profuse bleeding, especially in deep/larger wounds
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2
Q

What is a laceration wound?

A
  • Tearing of tissue
  • Uneven edges
  • Barbed wire, etc
  • Less sever bleeding than incision
  • Contaminated
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3
Q

What is an abrasion wound?

A
  • Superficial wound
  • Doesn’t penetrate full skin thickness
  • Contamination with dirt and foreign material
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4
Q

What is a puncture wound?

A
  • Small external wound
  • Often with significant deeper damage
  • Dog/cat bites
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5
Q

What is a contusion wound?

A
  • Blunt blow
  • Ruptured capillaries below surface
  • Can have deeper injuries
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6
Q

What is an avulsion wound?

A
  • Wound with skin flap
  • Skin flap becomes necrotic
  • Delays healing if not removed
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7
Q

What is a fracture?

A
  • Break in bone
  • Can be classed as open if wound present
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8
Q

What is a rupture wound?

A
  • Injured organ
  • Causes internal bleeding
  • Life threatening
  • Liver, spleen, etc
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9
Q

What is a haematoma?

A
  • Blood filled pocket
  • Aural, organ (liver, spleen)
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10
Q

What is a clean wound?

A
  • Surgical wound
  • Made under aseptic conditions
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11
Q

What is a clean contaminated wound?

A
  • Surgical wound
  • Made under aseptic conditions
  • With mild contamination
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12
Q

What is aetiology?

A

Cause

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13
Q

What is a contaminated wound?

A
  • Fresh traumatic wound
  • Surgical wound with major break in asepsis
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14
Q

What is a dirty wound?

A
  • Traumatic wound over 6 hours old
  • Any wound where ongoing infection in present prior to surgery
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15
Q

How can wounds be classified?

A
  • Open/closed
  • Clean/dirty
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16
Q

What is ischaemic?

A

Restriction in blood supply

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17
Q

What different degrees of damage are there in wounds?

A
  • Resolution
  • Regeneration
  • Organisation
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18
Q

What is resolution in terms of wounds?

A
  • No tissue destruction
  • Very minor inflammatory phase
  • Tissue returns to original state
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19
Q

What is regeneration in terms of wounds?

A
  • Complete replacement of damaged tissue
  • Connective tissue and blood supply must be intact
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20
Q

What is organisation in terms of wounds?

A
  • Formation of scar tissue
  • As unable to heal by regeneration
  • Often results in loss of normal function
21
Q

What are the stages of the healing process?

A
  • Haemostasis
  • Inflammatory
  • Proliferative
  • Remodelling/maturation
22
Q

What is the haemostasis stage of wound healing?

A

Clots form to stop blood loss

23
Q

What is the inflammatory stage of wound healing?

A
  • Blood clot attracts neutrophils
  • Clear up bacteria, necrotic tissue, foreign material
  • Macrophages (monocytes) perform final debridement
  • Exudate, swelling and redness seen
  • 24-48 hr for clean surgical wound
24
Q

What is the proliferative stage of healing?

A
  • Fibroblasts lay new tissue
  • Endothelial cells lay new blood vessels
  • Epithelial cells migrate over wound to replace epidermis
  • Granulation and wound contraction seen
25
Q

What is the golden period to treat an open wound?

A
  • Optimal time of treatment of open wound
  • Within 0 - 6 hours
26
Q

What happens 6 - 12 hours after an open wound is caused?

A
  • Bacteria multiplies
  • Early stages of infection
27
Q

What happens 12 hours + after an open wound is caused?

A
  • Tissues will be infected
28
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A
  • Bright red, vascular
  • Seen 3-5 days in large wounds
  • Can take weeks-months to fully develop
29
Q

What is the remodelling/maturation stage in wound healing?

A
  • Scar formation
  • Strengthening and hair regrowth
  • 7-10 days in clean surgical wound
30
Q

What are labile cells?

A
  • Epithelial, lymph, etc
  • High ability to regenerate
31
Q

What is first intention healing?

A
  • Rapid healing can take place in incised wounds
  • Only occurs if edges of wound are held together
  • Only happens in clean wounds
32
Q

What is second intention healing?

A
  • Granulation
  • Slower healing
  • Happens where tissue is lost or presence of foreign material or infection
  • Epithelial tissue tissue grows across to close wound
  • Speed of this growth determined by wound environment
  • Warm, moist environment encourages epitheialisation
33
Q

Do wounds need surgical intervention immediately?

A
  • Some wounds can be managed as open wound
  • Once granulation is established can have surgical secondary closure
  • Wounds without surgical closure must be dressed and bandaged appropriately until full healing
  • Can take weeks-months depending on tissue deficit
34
Q

How long does wound healing take in tendons and muscles?

A
  • Several weeks
  • Gradual reintroduction to exercise
35
Q

How long does wound healing take in GI, urinary and reproductive tissues?

A
  • 3-4 days
  • Urinary bladder heals fastest
  • Colon heals slowest
36
Q

What factors can delay wound healing?

A
  • Movement
  • Infection
  • Impaired circulation/perfusion
  • Patient/client interference
  • Poor nutrition
  • Systemic disease
  • Poor wound management
  • Surgical factors
  • Drug therapy
37
Q

What is erythema?

A

Reddening of tissue

38
Q

Where does movement especially delay healing?

A

Over joints

39
Q

How does infection delay healing?

A
  • Bacteria destroys healing tissue
  • Causes inflammation and pus
40
Q

How does impaired circulation and poor perfusion delay healing?

A
  • Tissue dies at wound edges
41
Q

How does poor nutrition delay healing?

A
  • Decreased vitamin K (affects clotting)
  • Insufficient protein intake (affects cell growth and repair)
42
Q

What systemic diseases can delay healing?

A
  • Hypothyroidism (Decreased metabolism, slow cells)
  • Cushings (Increased cortisol, slows healing)
  • Renal (Increased toxins, weakened clotting)
  • Hepatic disease (Reduced clotting factors)
  • Diabetes mellitus (Increased blood glucose, slows healing)
  • Severe cardiovascular disease (Poor perfusion, WBC can’t get to wound effectively)
43
Q

How can poor wound management delay healing?

A
  • Inappropriate primary dressing
  • Poor bandage technique
  • Unprotected bandages
  • Infrequent bandage changes
  • Patient interference
44
Q

What surgical factors can delay healing?

A
  • Wound infection
  • Tight sutures
  • Inappropriate suture material
  • Poor suturing technique
  • Poor aseptic technique
  • Lack of drainage
45
Q

What is delayed primary closure?

A
  • Closed after 1 - 3 days
  • Contaminated so need to be managed as open wound to begin with
46
Q

What is secondary closure?

A
  • Closed after 3+ days
  • Heavily contaminated so needs to be managed as open wound for longer
47
Q

What drugs can delay healing?

A
  • Corticosteroids
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiotherapy
48
Q

Fluid build up in surgical wound?

A

Seroma

49
Q
A

Vet Nurse Small Animal Diploma CQ (13 decks)

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