Nursing care (SA6) Flashcards
What is shock?
Reduction in ability to carry oxygen to all cells
What causes shock (hypovalemia)?
- Haemorrhage
- Dehydration
- Blood clot (obstructive shock)
What is a pulmonary embolism?
Blood clot from the heart taken to the lungs by the pulmonary artery
What is an obstructive shock?
Shock caused by a blood clot
What is anaphalactic shock?
Shock caused by allergic reaction
What are the signs of shock?
- Hyperventilation/Tachypnoea
- Pale MMs
- Slow CRT
- Tachycardia
- Weak thready pulse
- Cold extremities
- Hypothermia
- Depression, lethargy, collapse
What are the symptoms of infection?
- Anorexia
- Depression
- Pain
- Pyrexia
- Abnormal gait/position
- Aggression
- Discharge
What are the symptoms of pain?
- Restlessness
- Vocalisation
- Thrashing around kennel
- Anorexia
- Failing to drink or groom
- Unusual posture
- Self-mutilation
- Aggression
What are the signs of stress?
- Restlessness
- Vocalisation
- Panting
- Behavioural changes
- Kennel guarding
- Hiding in kennel/under bedding
- Inappropriate urination
- Food chain issues
Interventions for recumbency
- Enough space in kennel
- Place in high traffic/activity area to avoid boredom
- Comfortable bedding
- Additional heat
- Take outside if appropriate
- Clean and groom
- Massage limbs/physiotherapy
- Turn patient q3-4h
- Sternal recumbency
- Prevent urine/faecal scolds
Post surgical care
- Wash hands, wear gloves
- Protect from contamination
- Regular checks until recovered
- Check for haemorrhage
- Prevent self trauma
- Observe for nausea, v+ or pain
- Offer food when appropriate
- Regular toilet opportunities
- Encourage controlled mobilisation
Trauma management
- Analgesia
- Comfort
- Prevent shock
- Close monitoring
- May need hand feeding
- May need assistance mobilising
- Catheterise if recumbent
- Prevent exacerbation of problems
- Consider other potential issues
Requirement for fluid therapy
- Wash hands, wear gloves
- Flush catheter with heparin saline
- Catheter checks
- Change catheter q3days
- Ensure bandaged correctly, not tight
- Check fluid rate
- Auscultate chest for crackles
- Regular observations
- Regular toilet opportunities
Assisted feeding nursing considerations
- Wash hands, wear gloves
- Clean incision site daily
- Flush tube before/after feeding
- Ensure tube end is plugged
- Prevent patient interference
- Observe for v+, regurgitation, bloating
- Check for d+
- Monitor weight daily
- Calculate feeding amount
- Reintroduce food slowly
Containment and physical therapies
- Interaction
- Grooming/TLC
- Physiotherapy
- Monitor and record
- Exercise
- Owner visit
- Toys
Naso-gastric tube nursing considerations
- Regularly check still secure
- Observe fr coughing
- Ensure correct dilution rate
Renal disease nursing considerations
- Quiet, warm, stress free
- Administer and monitor IVFT
- Monitor urine output
- Feed little and often
- Always free access to water
- Regular monitoring; blood/urine tests
- Provide opportunities to urinate
- Monitor for nausea
- Monitor oral cavity
- Bathe/analgesia as required
- Weigh daily
What is tenesmus?
Straining
What is BMR?
- Basal metabolic rate or RER
- (30xBW)+70=kcal - 2-30kg
- BW^0.75 x70 - all weights
- How much energy needed at rest
Where should a S/C injection be administered on a rabbit?
- Scruff
- 20-30mls
Where should an IM injection be administered on a rabbit?
- Quadriceps
- 0.25-1ml
Where should an IV injection be administered on a rabbit?
- Marginal ear vein
Where should an IM injection be administered on a bird?
- Posterior pectoral
- IM most common in birds
What are poor administration routes in birds?
- Drinking water or food
- S/C
Where should an IV injection be administered on a bird?
- Right jugular
- Brachial veins
- IV is good route in birds
Where should a S/C injection be administered in a snake?
Between scales over ribs
Where should an IM injection be administered in a snake?
- Intercostal muscles
- Epaxial muscles
Where should an IV injection be administered in a snake?
Ventral coccygeal vein
Where should a S/C injection be administered in a lizard?
Loose lateral skin over ribs
Where should an IM injection be administered in a lizard?
- Triceps
- Epaxial muscles
Where should an IV injection be administered in a lizard?
Ventral coccygeal vein
Where should a S/C injection be administered in a chelonian?
Distal limb
Where should an IM injection be administered in a chelonian?
- Triceps
- Pectoral muscles
Where should an IV injection be administered in a chelonian?
Dorsal tail vein
What is the absorption rate of S/C injections?
30 - 45 minutes
What is the absorption rate of IM injections?
20 - 30 minutes
What is the absorption rate of IV injections?
0 - 2 minutes
