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Vet Nurse Small Animal Diploma CQ > Laboratory SA09 > Flashcards

Laboratory SA09 Flashcards

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1
Q

What samples are tests carried out on?

A
  • Blood
  • Urine
  • Faeces
  • Skin/hair
  • Tissue/fluids
  • Bacteriology
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2
Q

What laboratory analysers are commonly found in practice?

A
  • Biochemistry
  • Haematology
  • Urine/Electrolyte
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3
Q

What rules must be followed when using laboratory analysers?

A
  • Kept in secure position
  • Kept at correct room temperature
  • Used as per manufacturers instructions
  • Be serviced regularly
  • Quality control/assurance carried out
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4
Q

What is quality control?

A
  • Check validity of test results
  • Product from manufacturer to test QC
  • Ensure analyser calibration is maintained
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5
Q

What is quality assurance?

A
  • Extra steps to ensure reliable test results
  • Ensure correct sample used for right test
  • Right results reported to right person
  • Correct recording of results
  • Can send in-house test to external lab
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6
Q

What does a centrifuge do?

A
  • Used to separate substances of different densities
  • Sediment (denser) will settle at bottom
  • Supernatant (lighter) remains at surface
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7
Q

What are the types of centrifuge?

A
  • Swing out
  • Angle head
  • Micro haematocrit
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8
Q

What is a swing out centrifuge?

A
  • Tubes placed in cups that turn horizontal when on
  • Sediment packed uniformly against bottom of tube
  • Sediment stays flat, supernatant easily removed
  • High resistance to rotation generates heat
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9
Q

What is an angle head centrifuge?

A
  • Tubes fixed at 25-40 degrees
  • Sediment packs at bottom and sides of tube
  • As head slows, sediment drops to bottom
  • Sediment not packed tightly
  • Can be run at higher speeds
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10
Q

What are electrolytes?

A
  • Positive or negative ions in body fluid
  • Sodium = NA+
  • Potassium = K+
  • Chloride = Cl-
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11
Q

What is a micro haematocrit centrifuge?

A
  • Tubes held horizontally
  • Allow for rapid sedimentation of small particles
  • Can run at high speeds due to reduced resistance to rotation
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12
Q

What parts does a centrifuge have?

A
  • Motor
  • Drive shaft
  • Rotor head
  • Power switch
  • Timer
  • Speed control
  • Tachometer
  • Brake
  • Most include protective shield
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13
Q

What is a tachometer?

A
  • Indicates speed in revolutions per minute in centrifuges
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14
Q

What is important to remember when using a centrifuge?

A
  • Use correct tubes
  • Balance samples
  • Use guard
  • Centrifuges can move, position away from edge
  • Correct speed and time for samples
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15
Q

Speeds + times

A
  • Urine = 1500-2000rpm - 5 minutes
  • Blood = 10,000rpm - 5 minutes
  • F+ = 1000-1500rpm 3 minutes
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16
Q

What are the parts of a microscope?

A
  • Eyepiece
  • Rotating nose piece
  • Arm
  • Stage
  • Objective lenses
  • Slide clips
  • Focus dial (Corse and fine)
  • Sub-stage condenser
  • Sub-stage condenser dial
  • Light source
  • Base
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17
Q

At what magnification are different items found on a microscope?

A
  • Mites and worm eggs under low power (x4/8/10)
  • Bacteria and blood cells under high power
    (x40/100)
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18
Q

How should the x100 lens be used in a microscope?

A
  • Drop of immersion oil onto slide below lens
  • Adjust stage until lens tip in oil
  • Adjust fine focus to sharpen image
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19
Q

How is the sub-stage condenser used on a microscope?

A
  • Move sub-stage condenser up until just below stage
  • If looking at transparent items (hair shafts) condenser can be lowered to darken object
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20
Q

How should a slide be viewed under a microscope?

A

Using the battlement technique

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21
Q

What equipment is needed for collecting a blood sample?

A
  • Clippers
  • Scrub/swab
  • Syringe
  • Needle
  • Blood tubes
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22
Q

What is serum?

A
  • Fluid collected from clotted blood once the clot has retracted
23
Q

What is plasma?

A
  • Fluid from non clotted blood
24
Q

What is anticoagulant?

A
  • A drug that prevents blood clotting
25
Q

What are some commonly used anticoagulants?

A
  • Heparin (Orange tube, biochem tests)
  • EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra-acetic Acid; Pink/red tube, heamatology tests)
  • Fluoride oxalate (Yellow tube, glucose tests)
  • Sodium citrate (Green/purple tube, clotting tests)
26
Q

What are some possible problems with blood samples?

A
  • Haemolysis
  • Lipaemia
  • Icteric
  • Incorrect storage
  • EDTA contamination
  • Incomplete gel separation
27
Q

Why does haemolysis happen to blood samples and how can it be prevented?

A
  • Occurs when RBCs are broken/lysed
  • RBCs then release contents into serum/plasma
  • Excessive pressure on syringe, too vigorous mixing, using too small needle, freezing whole blood, not separating before transit
  • Should use correct needle size and pressure, use small syringe, remove needle before decanting in tube, rotate, not shake, separate serum/plasma
28
Q

How can lipaemia be prevented in blood sampled?

A
  • Milky appearance due to fat cells in circulation
  • Should starve patient before sample taken
29
Q

What else can icteric blood samples mean other than liver issues?

A
  • Jaundiced sample
  • Can be due to haemolysis
30
Q

How should blood samples be stored?

A
  • Fill tubes immediately
  • Fill EDTA first as most affected by clotting
  • Test ASAP
  • Refrigerate whole blood at 4 degrees for 5 days
  • RBCs only stable for 24 hours
  • Can freeze serum/plasma at -20 degrees
31
Q

What is EDTA contamination?

A
  • Caused by touching syringe against tube
  • EDTA contains potassium
  • Causes incorrect potassium readings
32
Q

What equipment is is needed for a urine sample?

A
  • Catheter?
  • Syringe/needle?
  • Collection bowl
  • Sample pots
  • Sterile universal container
33
Q

What collection techniques can be used to get a urine sample?

A
  • Catheterisation
  • Cystocentesis
  • Mid stream
  • Manual expression
34
Q

Care taken when placing a urinary catheter

A
  • Must be aseptic
  • Use sterile lube
  • Do not introduce bacteria or contaminants
35
Q

What is cystocentesis?

A
  • Long needle into bladder
  • Minimises contamination
  • May get mild haemorrhage
36
Q

Care taken when collecting mid stream urine sample

A
  • Must not collect first part as contaminated from bacteria in urine tract
  • Care to keep sample clean
37
Q

Care taken with manual bladder expression

A
  • Must be gentle
  • Only done if no obstruction suspected
  • May get mild haemorrhage
38
Q

How should urine be stored?

A
  • Plain pots; dry sterile universal container
  • Good for microscopy, sediment, chemistries and specific gravity
  • Boric acid; Red tube, contain preservative
  • Good for microbiological culture
  • Other preservatives; Thymol, Toulene
39
Q

When should urine be tested?

A
  • Test urine ASAP
  • Cooled urine in fridge stops bacteria multiplying
  • Crystals will still form
40
Q

What is blood bichemistry?

A
  • Levels of chemicals in the body
  • Bio chemicals suspended in plasma/serum
  • Used to check body functions and organs
41
Q

How can blood be tested for biochemistry?

A
  • Biochemistry analyser
  • Testing sticks
  • Glucometers
42
Q

Why is it important to prevent haemolysis of blood samples when running biochemistry tests?

A
  • Mild haemolysis shouldn’t cause problems
  • Severe haemolysis affects filter
  • Gives inaccurate results
  • Can give false increased bilirubin from haemoglobin leaks
43
Q

What is hyperkalaemia?

A
  • Increased potassium (K)
  • Leads to bradycardia + cardiac arrhythmia
  • False positive results from EDTA contamination
44
Q

Why is medical history important when testing blood?

A
  • Exercise or starving can affect results
  • Correct times post medications are important for some tests
45
Q

What are the important functions of the liver?

A
  • Glucose, protein, lipid synthesis
  • Bile formation
  • Vitamin and iron storage
  • Detoxification
46
Q

How can liver disease be caused?

A
  • Infectious - viral, bacterial, parasitic
  • Inflammatory (hepatitis)
  • Toxin related
  • Neoplastic
47
Q

How can biochemistry results be used to diagnose liver disease?

A
  • Damaged liver leaks enzymes into blood in larger amounts than usual
  • These enzymes can be released from other areas
  • Full blood biochemistry is required for diagnosis
48
Q

How are carbohydrates digested and stored?

A
  • Complex carbohydrates converted to monosaccaride glucose
  • Liver stored glucose as a polysaccaride glycogen
49
Q

How are proteins broken down?

A
  • Proteins to amino acids
  • Amino acids to amonia
  • Amonia to urea
50
Q

What is ALT?

A
  • Serum alanine aminotransferase
  • Found in hepatocyte cytoplasm
  • Also released from kidneys, cardiac and skeletal muscle
  • Increased levels indicate renal failure, cardiac disease, skeletal muscle damage and liver disease
51
Q

What is AST?

A
  • ## Serum aspirate aminotransferase
52
Q

What is choleostasis?

A

Blocked bile duct

53
Q

What is azotaemia?

A

Increased urea and creatinine in blood biochemistry

54
Q
A

Vet Nurse Small Animal Diploma CQ (13 decks)

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