Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Vet Nurse Small Animal Diploma CQ > Laboratory SA09 > Flashcards

Laboratory SA09 Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What samples are tests carried out on?

A
  • Blood
  • Urine
  • Faeces
  • Skin/hair
  • Tissue/fluids
  • Bacteriology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What laboratory analysers are commonly found in practice?

A
  • Biochemistry
  • Haematology
  • Urine/Electrolyte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What rules must be followed when using laboratory analysers?

A
  • Kept in secure position
  • Kept at correct room temperature
  • Used as per manufacturers instructions
  • Be serviced regularly
  • Quality control/assurance carried out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is quality control?

A
  • Check validity of test results
  • Product from manufacturer to test QC
  • Ensure analyser calibration is maintained
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is quality assurance?

A
  • Extra steps to ensure reliable test results
  • Ensure correct sample used for right test
  • Right results reported to right person
  • Correct recording of results
  • Can send in-house test to external lab
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a centrifuge do?

A
  • Used to separate substances of different densities
  • Sediment (denser) will settle at bottom
  • Supernatant (lighter) remains at surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of centrifuge?

A
  • Swing out
  • Angle head
  • Micro haematocrit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a swing out centrifuge?

A
  • Tubes placed in cups that turn horizontal when on
  • Sediment packed uniformly against bottom of tube
  • Sediment stays flat, supernatant easily removed
  • High resistance to rotation generates heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an angle head centrifuge?

A
  • Tubes fixed at 25-40 degrees
  • Sediment packs at bottom and sides of tube
  • As head slows, sediment drops to bottom
  • Sediment not packed tightly
  • Can be run at higher speeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are electrolytes?

A
  • Positive or negative ions in body fluid
  • Sodium = NA+
  • Potassium = K+
  • Chloride = Cl-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a micro haematocrit centrifuge?

A
  • Tubes held horizontally
  • Allow for rapid sedimentation of small particles
  • Can run at high speeds due to reduced resistance to rotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What parts does a centrifuge have?

A
  • Motor
  • Drive shaft
  • Rotor head
  • Power switch
  • Timer
  • Speed control
  • Tachometer
  • Brake
  • Most include protective shield
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a tachometer?

A
  • Indicates speed in revolutions per minute in centrifuges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is important to remember when using a centrifuge?

A
  • Use correct tubes
  • Balance samples
  • Use guard
  • Centrifuges can move, position away from edge
  • Correct speed and time for samples
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Speeds + times

A
  • Urine = 1500-2000rpm - 5 minutes
  • Blood = 10,000rpm - 5 minutes
  • F+ = 1000-1500rpm 3 minutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the parts of a microscope?

A
  • Eyepiece
  • Rotating nose piece
  • Arm
  • Stage
  • Objective lenses
  • Slide clips
  • Focus dial (Corse and fine)
  • Sub-stage condenser
  • Sub-stage condenser dial
  • Light source
  • Base
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

At what magnification are different items found on a microscope?

A
  • Mites and worm eggs under low power (x4/8/10)
  • Bacteria and blood cells under high power
    (x40/100)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How should the x100 lens be used in a microscope?

A
  • Drop of immersion oil onto slide below lens
  • Adjust stage until lens tip in oil
  • Adjust fine focus to sharpen image
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is the sub-stage condenser used on a microscope?

A
  • Move sub-stage condenser up until just below stage
  • If looking at transparent items (hair shafts) condenser can be lowered to darken object
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How should a slide be viewed under a microscope?

A

Using the battlement technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What equipment is needed for collecting a blood sample?

A
  • Clippers
  • Scrub/swab
  • Syringe
  • Needle
  • Blood tubes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is serum?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Fluid collected from clotted blood once the clot has retracted
23
Q

What is plasma?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Fluid from non clotted blood
24
Q

What is anticoagulant?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • A drug that prevents blood clotting
25
What are some commonly used anticoagulants?
- Heparin (Orange tube, biochem tests) - EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra-acetic Acid; Pink/red tube, heamatology tests) - Fluoride oxalate (Yellow tube, glucose tests) - Sodium citrate (Green/purple tube, clotting tests)
26
What are some possible problems with blood samples?
- Haemolysis - Lipaemia - Icteric - Incorrect storage - EDTA contamination - Incomplete gel separation
27
Why does haemolysis happen to blood samples and how can it be prevented?
- Occurs when RBCs are broken/lysed - RBCs then release contents into serum/plasma - Excessive pressure on syringe, too vigorous mixing, using too small needle, freezing whole blood, not separating before transit - Should use correct needle size and pressure, use small syringe, remove needle before decanting in tube, rotate, not shake, separate serum/plasma
28
How can lipaemia be prevented in blood sampled?
- Milky appearance due to fat cells in circulation - Should starve patient before sample taken
29
What else can icteric blood samples mean other than liver issues?
- Jaundiced sample - Can be due to haemolysis
30
How should blood samples be stored?
- Fill tubes immediately - Fill EDTA first as most affected by clotting - Test ASAP - Refrigerate whole blood at 4 degrees for 5 days - RBCs only stable for 24 hours - Can freeze serum/plasma at -20 degrees
31
What is EDTA contamination?
- Caused by touching syringe against tube - EDTA contains potassium - Causes incorrect potassium readings
32
What equipment is is needed for a urine sample?
- Catheter? - Syringe/needle? - Collection bowl - Sample pots - Sterile universal container
33
What collection techniques can be used to get a urine sample?
- Catheterisation - Cystocentesis - Mid stream - Manual expression
34
Care taken when placing a urinary catheter
- Must be aseptic - Use sterile lube - Do not introduce bacteria or contaminants
35
What is cystocentesis?
- Long needle into bladder - Minimises contamination - May get mild haemorrhage
36
Care taken when collecting mid stream urine sample
- Must not collect first part as contaminated from bacteria in urine tract - Care to keep sample clean
37
Care taken with manual bladder expression
- Must be gentle - Only done if no obstruction suspected - May get mild haemorrhage
38
How should urine be stored?
- Plain pots; dry sterile universal container - Good for microscopy, sediment, chemistries and specific gravity - Boric acid; Red tube, contain preservative - Good for microbiological culture - Other preservatives; Thymol, Toulene
39
When should urine be tested?
- Test urine ASAP - Cooled urine in fridge stops bacteria multiplying - Crystals will still form
40
What is blood bichemistry?
- Levels of chemicals in the body - Bio chemicals suspended in plasma/serum - Used to check body functions and organs
41
How can blood be tested for biochemistry?
- Biochemistry analyser - Testing sticks - Glucometers
42
Why is it important to prevent haemolysis of blood samples when running biochemistry tests?
- Mild haemolysis shouldn't cause problems - Severe haemolysis affects filter - Gives inaccurate results - Can give false increased bilirubin from haemoglobin leaks
43
What is hyperkalaemia?
- Increased potassium (K) - Leads to bradycardia + cardiac arrhythmia - False positive results from EDTA contamination
44
Why is medical history important when testing blood?
- Exercise or starving can affect results - Correct times post medications are important for some tests
45
What are the important functions of the liver?
- Glucose, protein, lipid synthesis - Bile formation - Vitamin and iron storage - Detoxification
46
How can liver disease be caused?
- Infectious - viral, bacterial, parasitic - Inflammatory (hepatitis) - Toxin related - Neoplastic
47
How can biochemistry results be used to diagnose liver disease?
- Damaged liver leaks enzymes into blood in larger amounts than usual - These enzymes can be released from other areas - Full blood biochemistry is required for diagnosis
48
How are carbohydrates digested and stored?
- Complex carbohydrates converted to monosaccaride glucose - Liver stored glucose as a polysaccaride glycogen
49
How are proteins broken down?
- Proteins to amino acids - Amino acids to amonia - Amonia to urea
50
What is ALT?
- Serum alanine aminotransferase - Found in hepatocyte cytoplasm - Also released from kidneys, cardiac and skeletal muscle - Increased levels indicate renal failure, cardiac disease, skeletal muscle damage and liver disease
51
What is AST?
- Serum aspirate aminotransferase -
52
What is choleostasis?
Blocked bile duct
53
What is azotaemia?
Increased urea and creatinine in blood biochemistry
54

Vet Nurse Small Animal Diploma CQ (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions