SA- The response to apartheid, c1948–59 Flashcards
What % of black South Africans lived in towns and cities by 1946?
23%
When was the Immorality Act and what did it do?
1927, prohibited sex between black and white people
In 1946, how many black, coloured and white South Africans were there in SA? (roughly)
Black people= 7.8 mil
White people= 2.4 mil
Coloured= 900,000
What % of the white population were of British descent?
40%
Why did some Afrikaners resent SA’s support of Britain in WW2?
Many Afrikaners had ties with Germany and were Nazi sympathisers
What was the significance of Dutch Reform Church on Afrikaner attitudes to race? (2 things)
DRC reinforced idea that people of colour were inferior and white people were God’s “chosen race”
Believed the mixing of races could threaten the white race and therefore opposed mixed marriages and sexual relations
Who were the Broederbond?
They were an Afrikaner nationalist secret society, dedicated to Afrikaner interests.
Evidence of Broederbond’s influence during apartheid?
Every PM and State president in South Africa from 1948 to the end of Apartheid in 1994 was a member of the Broederbond
What did the Dutch Reform Church do to increase Afrikaner nationalism?
Provided Afrikaner schools and activities encouraging Afrikaner pride and superiority
When were black people disenfranchised in South Africa and through which act can this be seen?
In 1936, the Representation of Natives Act removed blacks from the Cape common voters roll.
How many SEATS did the NP and UP gain in 1948 election?
NP= 79 seats
UP= 71 seats
What % of those employed in manufacturing during WW2 were black? How was this made possible?
75%, made possible by the relaxation of restrictions on black people during the war to focus on war effort, as many white people became soldiers, leaving job vacancies.
Why were the UP weak in the 1948 election?
Lacked new ideas and had unclear/weak racial policies, which made Afrikaners see the UP to be potentially appeasing blacks.
What 2 Afrikaner terms relate to Afrikaner fears of black migration, and what are their meanings?
swart gevaar= black danger
oorstrooming= black flooding
When was the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act and what did it do?
1953, made it legal to provide separate facilities for black people. Reinforced petty apartheid.
When was the Bantu Education Act and what did it do?
1953, extended education to black children but segregated the content they were taught. Taught Afrikaans.
What % of black people were recorded as literate in 1951?
24%
When was the Population Registration Act and what did it do?
1950, allocated 1 of 4 races with identity documents given to show this
When was the Group Areas Act and what did it do? Include example of impacted place
1950, forced people of colour out of city centres, could be forcibly removed as can be seen by Sophiatown.
When was the Mixed Marriages Act and what did it do?
1949, banned interracial marriage
When was the Defiance Campaign?
1952
How many black Africans were NOT involved in the Defiance Campaign?
8 mil
What was the Defiance Campaign?
First large scale protest by ANC. Encouraged local protests through civil disobedience, where people would break laws (e.g. not carry passes) in an attempt to overwhelm prisons and show scale of opposition’s support. Hoped would lead to widespread national strikes and protests.
What did ANC membership increase from and to as a result of the Defiance Campaign?
from 4,000 to over 100,000
How many were arrested during the Defiance Campaign?
8500
When was the Separate Representation of Voters Act and what did it do?
1951, removed mix-raced (“coloured”) vote
How many MPs did the NP add to Namibia and why?
6 MPs, in Namibia there was a strong Afrikaner presence. Distorting representation in their favour.
When did the UP split and what impact did this have on politics?
Split in 1953, meant that there was a lack of political alternatives to the NP.
What did the Senate Act do? When was it?
Was in 1955. Increased seats in senate from 48 to 89, all those appointed to these seats were NP supporters.
When did the NP receive its first clear majority? And what % of the vote did they receive?
1958, received 55% of the vote.
When was the Tomlinson Report?
1954
How much of an investment into Homelands did the Tomlinson Report advise? And which aim would be achieved through this?
£100 million, to achieve self sufficiency
What happened to the Tomlinson Report and what did this lead to?
Was rejected, led to the underdevelopment of bantustans, meaning many black South Africans continued to work as migrant labourers.
What is meant by Betterment?
Betterment was a policy that forced black communities to move into planned villages, claiming to protect land but really enforcing segregation and control.
When was the Treason Trial (duration)?
1956-61
Who (include 2 specific individuals) and how many were arrested in the Treason Trial?
Most opposition leaders, 156 arrested. (e.g. Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu)
How many of those arrested during the Treason Trial were released in 1957 and why?
73 were released for lack of evidence
When were all defendants of Treason Trial acquitted and why?
1961, as case against then was found unconvincing.
When were Censorship Acts and what did they do?
1955 and 56, censored criticism in imported reports and literature.
When was the Criminal Law Amendment Act and what did it do?
1953, included that anyone accompanying someone doing a crime would also be considered guilty.
When was the Freedom Charter created?
1955
What group put together the Freedom Charter and who were they?
The Congress Alliance, an anti apartheid political coalition
What did the Freedom Charter call for and what were some key demands?
The charter called for equal rights, and emphasized freedom, democracy, and social justice.
Key demands included land redistribution, equal education, and fair labour rights.
How many representatives attended the presentation of the Freedom Charter?
3000
When did the UN highlight concerns in South Africa, and who was this initiated by?
1946, India
When did the UN first condemn apartheid?
1952
When was the ANC formed?
1912
What was a limitation to the ANC support?
ANC had links with Communist Party of SA so accused of communism and hindered their support.
When was the ANCYL formed and by who?
1943 by Walter Sisulu
One example of successful ANC protest (include dates)?
Potato Boycott 1957-59. Was a result of extremely poor working conditions. Due to the effects of the boycott, the gov appointed a Commission of Inquiry into the labourers working conditions. Farmers on potato farms also started improving the conditions on their farms.
Who were the Black Sash?
A group consisting of white women opposing to apartheid. They helped provide legal support for those in prison and particularly helped to bail out women from prison who had children that relied on them.
When was the PAC formed?
1959.
Who did the PAC accept support from which differed from the ANC?
PAC only accepted support and participation in opposition protests of black people, as the struggle should focus on self determination. PAC also rejected communists as believed their ideology could undermine African identity. However ANC accepted all those who were willing to support their cause.
What was the PAC’s membership in 1959?
25,000
What was the PAC’s view on the Freedom Charter?
Rejected it as they did not support equal rights for whites.
Who were the Prime Ministers/Presidents of SA between 1948 and 1994?
Malan (1948-1954), Verwoerd (1958-66), Vorster (1966-1978), Botha (1978-89), De Klerk (1989-1994)
