SA- Redefining resistance and challenges to NP power,1968–83 Flashcards
What was the Black Consciousness movement?
Originated on university campuses, encouraged students to take pride in their race and protest their conditions.
Was the Black Consciousness movement anti-white?
No, not anti-white just pro-black.
What was the full name for SASO and when was it formed?
South African Students Organisation, formed in 1969.
Who was Steve Biko?
The first president of SASO, aimed to raise black consciousness.
What did Biko co-found (not SASO) and when? What did it do?
He co-founded the Zimele Trust in 1975 which provided aid to political prisoners and their families.
What happened to Steve Biko and when?
Biko was arrested in 1977 for charges of terrorism and died mysteriously in police custody.
When was SASO itself banned?
1975
How many people attended Steve Biko’s funeral (and officials from how many other countries internationally)?
20,000 at his funeral, including officals from 13 international countries.
How many deaths did the ANC record in police custody in 1977?
14
What did authorities claim was the cause of Steve Biko’s death?
The South African Minister of Police announced that he died after a seven-day hunger strike.
Who disputed the authorities claim of the cause of Biko’s death?
Donald Woods, an anti-apartheid activist and journalist, friend of Biko’s, claimed he would not have done that and accused the government.
What action did congress take which showed support for the anti-apartheid movement and when?
In 1986, US Congress showed support by overriding Reagans sanction veto.
What actions were taken in Britain which showed international support for the anti- apartheid movement (3)?
The British were encouraged not to buy SA fruit, there were marches outside Barclays- which had close ties with SA- and there were protests against the SA rugby tour.
What is an example of a company withdrawing completely from SA and when?
Polaroid in 1977.
What movie did Biko’s death lead to which led to even further international condemnation of apartheid (include when it was released)?
Cry Freedom (1987)
Give 2 examples of the NP trying to settle unrest. Include dates and details.
Riekert Commission in 1979- focused on urban Black workers, introducing minor reforms such as giving some skilled Black workers limited rights to stay in cities. Only 500,000 would qualify.
The Wiehahn Commission was set up to investigate labor laws. As a result, the government legalized Black trade unions in an attempt to ease tensions in the labor sector and prevent further worker strikes and unrest.
Why was SASO tolerated by the NP at first?
It’s emphasis on separate development aligned with apartheid. Did no cooperate with whites.
What 2 wings did the NP start to split into in the 1970s?
Pro-limited reform and Anti-reform
What did the Anti-reformers in the NP do in the early 1980s?
Broke away from the NP to form the Conservative Party.
What did the NP do to try and appease pro-limited reformers?
Made cosmetic changes such as changing the ‘Department of Bantu Affairs’ to ‘Collective Development’.
What was the Muldergate Scandal and when?
In 1978, politicians used large sums of government money to pay for propaganda.
Which politicians were involved in the Muldergate Scandal?
Connie Mulder (head of BOSS) and Vorster (PM)
Impact on Mulder and Vorster of the Muldergate scandal?
Both resigned.
Specific examples of corruption in the Muldergate Scandal? (4)
1- 3 attempts to neutralise anti-apartheid newspapers.
2- bought an English Newspaper for 33 mil rand.
3- Used 64 mil rand to carry out mostly illegal activities.
4- Tried to bribe US and British to promote and justify the regime and apartheid.
