SA- Radicalisation of resistance and consolidation of NP power,1960–68

Question 1

What gave the NP the confidence to hold a referendum to become a Republic?

Answer 1

Winning the 1958 election

Question 2

What event articulated Britain’s policy of decolonisation (include reasons, dates, names)

Answer 2

Harold MacMillan’s ‘Winds of Change’ speech in 1960. Wanted to keep ex-colonies on the western side of the cold war (as worried by Cuba’s turn to communism in 1959).

Question 3

When was the Republic Referendum held and what % voted in favour of becoming a republic?

Answer 3

October 1960, 52% voted in favour of becoming a republic.

Question 4

When did SA withdraw from the Commonwealth?

Answer 4

1961

Question 5

What did the NP NOT do as a form of censorship? Why?

Answer 5

Did not introduce television as did not feel they would be able to control output

Question 6

What did Verwoerd do in order to help gain support for becoming a Republic?

Answer 6

Put Meyer (who had been a member of Ossewabrandwag) as head of the SA Broadcasting Corporation, which controlled all media in SA. As able to promote ideas of Republic and block anti Republic ideas.

Question 7

What were Britain’s relations with SA like following their departure from the Commonwealth?

Answer 7

Britain remained one of SA’s biggest trading partners.

Question 8

What was the AAM and when was it formed?

Answer 8

Anti Apartheid Movement, formed in London in 1960 and was global focus for opposition to apartheid.

Question 9

What is meant by the laager mentality?

Answer 9

An attitude of isolationism and intransigence

Question 10

What is an example of the laager mentality seen in SA in 70s?

Answer 10

SA refused to let maori rugby players tour SA, led to the biggest demonstrations in NZ history but SA did not care as long as they got their way.

Question 11

When did the Rivonia Trial begin?

Answer 11

October 1963

Question 12

What were the charges involved in the Rivonia Trial?

Answer 12

Sabotage and attempting to overthrow the apartheid government.

Question 13

Examples of individuals arrested in Rivonia Trial?

Answer 13

Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu

Question 14

How did Mandela use the Rivonia Trial (How long was his famous speech)?

Answer 14

Used the worldwide media attention around the trial to justify the armed struggle to apartheid in a 4 hour speech.

Question 15

Example of widespread protest to the Rivonia Trial?

Answer 15

many dockworkers in other countries threatened to refuse to handle SA goods.

Question 16

Example of protest to Rivonia Trial in London?

Answer 16

50 MPs led march to the SA house in London in protest.

Question 17

What was the outcome of the Rivonia Trial?

Answer 17

Defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment (instead of the death penalty which was feared to be the result)

Question 18

What did the UN do regarding the Rivonia Trial?

Answer 18

The UN called for the dependents to be released

Question 19

What was the impact of the Rivonia Trial on the ANC and PAC?

Answer 19

Activities diminished following trial as most leaders were absent.

Question 20

What was Oliver Tambo’s role?

Answer 20

Acted as an unofficial ambassador of the ANC, building international relations in order for the ANC to be seen as a viable government in exile.

Question 21

What and when was the Morogoro Conference (how many delegates)?

Answer 21

1969, 70 delegates met to plan to reform the ANC. Helped solidify their strategy shift from peaceful to armed struggle.

Question 22

How much funding in grants did the USSR provide the ANC with in 1963 and 1965?

Answer 22

1963- $300,000
1965- $560,000

Question 23

In 1965 what % of the ANC’s revenue came from the USSR?

Answer 23

85%

Question 24

When was TV banned until?

Answer 24

1976

Question 25

How did the domestic population respond to SA becoming a republic?

Answer 25

General 3 day strike

Question 26

How did Vorster respond to strikes following becoming a republic?

Answer 26

He cancelled police leave and called for arrests

Question 27

When was the SA Defence Force created and what was its main focus?

Answer 27

Created 1957. Focused on preventing the infiltration of anti-apartheid groups.

Question 28

How many men were in the SA Defence Force in 1963?

Answer 28

25,000

Question 29

What event reinforced the importance of keeping SA on their side to Britain and the US in particular?

Answer 29

1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, showed importance of keeping SA on side against communism.

Question 30

When was the first Bantustan created and what was it called?

Answer 30

1963, Transkei

Question 31

What statistic shows the failure of Transkei to be self sufficient?

Answer 31

40% of Transkei's population travelled out of it for work.

Question 32

By the 80s, what % of Bantustans' revenues came from subsidies?

Answer 32

17%

Question 33

Example of 2 minerals that made SA a valuable trading partner?

Answer 33

Gold and Uranium

Question 34

What was international investment like for SA in 1960s?

Answer 34

Large overseas investment with Britain as largest investor as had huge economic interests in SA

Question 35

In which year was the UN resolution banned imports and exports to SA and why was this not very effective?

Answer 35

UN 1961 Resolution, ineffective as it was voluntary and many ignored it

Question 36

What was the military branch of the ANC?

Answer 36

uMkhonto weSizwe (MK)

Question 37

What was the military branch of PAC?

Answer 37

Poqo

Question 38

Example of Poqo violence in the early 60s? When? Who? Where? How many killed? | Hint: involves a mob

Answer 38

In 1962 a mob of 250 attacked white settlement of Paarl, killing 2 white people.

Question 39

What led to mass arrests (include number of arrests) within Poqo?

Answer 39

In 1963, Leballo planned a mass uprising to kill white people indiscriminately. The plan was uncovered along with the whole membership of Poqo, 2000 were arrested as a result.

Question 40

When did MK begin its militant campaign?

Answer 40

December 1961

Question 41

How many attacks were there in MKs first 18 months?

Answer 41

200

Question 42

Why were there no attacks from MK between 1963-70?

Answer 42

It was hard to infiltrate guerilla fighters within borders.

Question 43

When was the armed struggle in the 60s effectively over and why?

Answer 43

1964 due to ruthless government response.

Question 44

What is an example of an attempt of organisation and progression of the armed struggle (hint: organisation involving other countries)? And what is evidence that this failed?

Answer 44

The Organisation of African Unity was set up in 1963 to encourage newly African states to cooperate and provide camps, training and equipment. Had little impact, only 4 camps in Tanzania by 1969.

Question 45

When was the Sharpeville Massacre?

Answer 45

21st March 1960

Question 46

Was the intention behind organisation of Sharpeville? Methods of protest?

Answer 46

Organised and started off as a PEACEFUL protest organised by the PAC against passes, methods included the burning of passes.

Question 47

How many people were injured and killed during Sharpeville? What did this lead to from opposition?

Answer 47

200 injured and 69 killed. Led to a more violent approach to protest.

Question 48

What secret government organisation was formed in 1969 and what did they do? (include specific example)

Answer 48

The Bureau of State Security, secretly organised security and carries out things like assassinations of members of the opposition. Allegedy letter bombed John Dube (who died) who was a founding member of MK.

Question 49

When was the Sabotage Act and what did it do?

Answer 49

1962, meant acts of sabotage were punishable by the death penalty.

Question 50

What did the UN do every year after 1962?

Answer 50

The UN passed resolutions condemning apartheid every year after 1962

Question 51

What 2 acts of Gov suppression can be seen following Sharpeville in 1960? What did they do?

Answer 51

1960 Unlawful Organisations Act, banned ANC and PAC. 1960 State of Emergency, led to around 10,000 arrests and there were stricter pass policing.

Question 52

What did the UN do in 1963?

Answer 52

UN Arms Embargo, however, was voluntary.

Question 53

Which specific resolution did the UN pass after Sharpeville to show their condemnation of apartheid?

Answer 53

Resolution 134, blamed the shootings of Sharpeville on apartheid, saying violence would follow if apartheid continued

Question 54

When was the attempted assassination of Verwoerd?

Answer 54

1960