SA- Radicalisation of resistance and consolidation of NP power,1960–68 Flashcards
What gave the NP the confidence to hold a referendum to become a Republic?
Winning the 1958 election
What event articulated Britain’s policy of decolonisation (include reasons, dates, names)
Harold MacMillan’s ‘Winds of Change’ speech in 1960. Wanted to keep ex-colonies on the western side of the cold war (as worried by Cuba’s turn to communism in 1959).
When was the Republic Referendum held and what % voted in favour of becoming a republic?
October 1960, 52% voted in favour of becoming a republic.
When did SA withdraw from the Commonwealth?
1961
What did the NP NOT do as a form of censorship? Why?
Did not introduce television as did not feel they would be able to control output
What did Verwoerd do in order to help gain support for becoming a Republic?
Put Meyer (who had been a member of Ossewabrandwag) as head of the SA Broadcasting Corporation, which controlled all media in SA. As able to promote ideas of Republic and block anti Republic ideas.
What were Britain’s relations with SA like following their departure from the Commonwealth?
Britain remained one of SA’s biggest trading partners.
What was the AAM and when was it formed?
Anti Apartheid Movement, formed in London in 1960 and was global focus for opposition to apartheid.
What is meant by the laager mentality?
An attitude of isolationism and intransigence
What is an example of the laager mentality seen in SA in 70s?
SA refused to let maori rugby players tour SA, led to the biggest demonstrations in NZ history but SA did not care as long as they got their way.
When did the Rivonia Trial begin?
October 1963
What were the charges involved in the Rivonia Trial?
Sabotage and attempting to overthrow the apartheid government.
Examples of individuals arrested in Rivonia Trial?
Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu
How did Mandela use the Rivonia Trial (How long was his famous speech)?
Used the worldwide media attention around the trial to justify the armed struggle to apartheid in a 4 hour speech.
Example of widespread protest to the Rivonia Trial?
many dockworkers in other countries threatened to refuse to handle SA goods.
Example of protest to Rivonia Trial in London?
50 MPs led march to the SA house in London in protest.
What was the outcome of the Rivonia Trial?
Defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment (instead of the death penalty which was feared to be the result)
What did the UN do regarding the Rivonia Trial?
The UN called for the dependents to be released
What was the impact of the Rivonia Trial on the ANC and PAC?
Activities diminished following trial as most leaders were absent.
What was Oliver Tambo’s role?
Acted as an unofficial ambassador of the ANC, building international relations in order for the ANC to be seen as a viable government in exile.
What and when was the Morogoro Conference (how many delegates)?
1969, 70 delegates met to plan to reform the ANC. Helped solidify their strategy shift from peaceful to armed struggle.
How much funding in grants did the USSR provide the ANC with in 1963 and 1965?
1963- $300,000
1965- $560,000
In 1965 what % of the ANC’s revenue came from the USSR?
85%
When was TV banned until?
1976
How did the domestic population respond to SA becoming a republic?
General 3 day strike
How did Vorster respond to strikes following becoming a republic?
He cancelled police leave and called for arrests
When was the SA Defence Force created and what was its main focus?
Created 1957. Focused on preventing the infiltration of anti-apartheid groups.
How many men were in the SA Defence Force in 1963?
25,000
What event reinforced the importance of keeping SA on their side to Britain and the US in particular?
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, showed importance of keeping SA on side against communism.
When was the first Bantustan created and what was it called?
1963, Transkei
What statistic shows the failure of Transkei to be self sufficient?
40% of Transkei’s population travelled out of it for work.
By the 80s, what % of Bantustans’ revenues came from subsidies?
17%
Example of 2 minerals that made SA a valuable trading partner?
Gold and Uranium
What was international investment like for SA in 1960s?
Large overseas investment with Britain as largest investor as had huge economic interests in SA
Which UN resolution banned imports and exports to SA and why was this not very effective?
UN 1961 Resolution, ineffective as it was voluntary and many ignored it
What was the military branch of the ANC?
uMkhonto weSizwe (MK)
What was the military branch of PAC?
Poqo
Example of Poqo violence in the early 60s?
In 1962 a mob of 250 attacked white settlement of Paarl, killing 2 white people.
What led to mass arrests (include number of arrests) within Poqo?
In 1963, Leballo planned a mass uprising to kill white people indiscriminately. The plan was uncovered along with the whole membership of Poqo, 2000 were arrested as a result.
When did MK begin its militant campaign?
December 1961
How many attacks were there in MKs first 18 months?
200
Why were there no attacks from MK between 1963-70?
It was hard to infiltrate guerilla fighters within borders.
When was the armed struggle in the 60s effectively over and why?
1964 due to ruthless government response.
What is an example of an attempt of organisation and progression of the armed struggle (hint: organisation involving other countries)? And what is evidence that this failed?
The Organisation of African Unity was set up in 1963 to encourage newly African states to cooperate and provide camps, training and equipment.
Had little impact, only 4 camps in Tanzania by 1969.
When was the Sharpeville Massacre?
21st March 1960
Was the intention behind organisation of Sharpeville? Methods of protest?
Organised and started off as a PEACEFUL protest organised by the PAC against passes, methods included the burning of passes.
How many people were injured and killed during Sharpeville? What did this lead to from opposition?
200 injured and 69 killed. Led to a more violent approach to protest.
What secret government organisation was formed in 1969 and what did they do? (include specific example)
The Bureau of State Security, secretly organised security and carries out things like assassinations of members of the opposition. Allegedy letter bombed John Dube (who died) who was a founding member of MK.
When was the Sabotage Act and what did it do?
1962, meant acts of sabotage were punishable by the death penalty.
What did the UN do every year after 1962?
The UN passed resolutions condemning apartheid every year after 1962
What 2 acts of Gov suppression can be seen following Sharpeville in 1960? What did they do?
1960 Unlawful Organisations Act, banned ANC and PAC.
1960 State of Emergency, led to around 10,000 arrests and there were stricter pass policing.
What did the UN do in 1963?
UN Arms Embargo, however, was voluntary.
Which specific resolution did the UN pass after Sharpeville to show their condemnation of apartheid?
Resolution 134, blamed the shootings of Sharpeville on apartheid, saying violence would follow if apartheid continued
When was the attempted assassination of Verwoerd?
1960
