SA- The end of apartheid and creation of the ‘rainbow nation’, 1984–94 Flashcards
When was UDF banned and how effective was this?
Banned 1987, ineffective, activities continued anyway as no central organisation to target.
What was the UDF and when was it founded? How many organisations was it made up of?
united Democratic Front (UDF) was founded in 1983 and was made up of 575 organisations to coordinate the internal opposition to apartheid.
What did the UDF want?
A new SA based on the Freedom Charter.
Estimated number of supporters for the UDF?
2 million
What happened as a result of increasing support for the UDF (form of protest) in the late 80s? Which organisations are particularly involved?
The number of days lost to strikes grew from 1 million in 1986 to 6 million in 1987. Indian Congresses and Congress
of South African Trade Unions (COSATU).
How many people were killed as a result of political activity in 1985?
800 people
What was a key cause of township revolts? (include a specifc act then elaborate) What made this worse?
Community Council Act of 1977 set up elected township councils, who were seen as collaborators of the government. Additionally, they had to raise rent in order to maintain the townships which lead to increased strikes and violence.
Example of division within the opposition.
Hint: hostilities following a meeting
Relations turned hostile between Inkhata and the ANC after a failed conference in London in 1979.
What was Inkhata and when was it founded?
Founded in 1975, Zulu nationalist organisation which sought an independent Zulu homeland.
Who led Inkhata?
Mangosuthu Buthelezi
Example of organised political assassination from authorities in the late 1980s.
In 1987, the Civilian Co-operation Bureau was established to identify ‘enemies of the state’, after which the security forces would act.
For example, the assassination of the anti-apartheid activist David Webster in May 1989.
In 1986 alone how many black South Africans were shot dead by police?
500 black Africans
Evidence showing growth of the police force?
49,000 in 1981 to 93,000 in 1991
What happened in 1985 regarding the ANC?
Protest increased significantly with the burning of government and council offices.
Where did a war begin in 1986 and how long did it last? And how many people rallied?
Alexandra and lasted 6 days. 40,000 people rallied.
2 examples of government suppression to prevent attention given to violent government acts.
the Inquest Act of 1982 outlawed the reportage of deaths in custody
the Police Act banned criticism of the security forces.
How did the police respond to the violence in Alexandra?
Responded with tear gas, and opened fire on a crowd of 6000, killing 4 residents.
What were those in Alexandra doing?
Burning houses, stoning cars and attacking police.
What did a Commonwealth Report suggest about SA and when?
1986, suggested that SA was on the brink of civil war.
What 2 things did the Dutch Reform Church do which a complete change from what can be seen from them at the beginning of apartheid?
In 1986 the DRC denounced apartheid and in 1989 they condemned it as a sin.
When was Mandela released and how long had he been in prison?
Nelson Mandela was released on 11th February 1990 after 27 years in captivity.
When was the Mixed Marriages Act repealed?
1985
What % had the value of the rand fell by in 1985
35%
Example of rising inflation and reason why.
Inflation rose by 7% between 1983 and 1986, due to sanctions
How much did the cost of imports rise by in 1987? (%)
60%
When were black labour unions legalised?
1979
Example of reform which hindered progression.
Constitutional reform of 1983 gave the parliament 3 wings, white, coloured and asian, excluding black people. (who were 75% of the population)
When was the pass system repealed and why?
- It got rid of a system that was impossible to enforce anyway. More symbolic than substantive.
On what terms did Botha offer Mandela release and when? What was Mandela’s response?
As early as 1985 Botha offered Mandela freedom as long as he denounced ANC violence, which he refused to do.
A reform from Botha that was an attempt to appease the black population with a form of political influence?
Black Local Authorities Act 1982 established local committees and councils for Black people in cities to offer them local political power.
What was CODESA (1) and when?
Convention for a democratic SA in 1991.
Who refused to attend CODESA 1?
Inkhata, Conservatives and PAC
What was the declaration of intent that came from CODESA 1?
A government that was non-racial, gender neutral in which there was a multi-party democracy.
What does CODESA stand for?
Convention for a Democratic South
Africa
What % of white people in DeKlerks referendum were in favour of reform? ANd when was this referendum?
69% and in 1992.
What was the Sunset Clause and give me details.
it guaranteed that current public servants would keep their jobs and pensions. 40% of Afrikaners worked for the government in some capacity.
How many South Africans were killed annually due to apartheid between 1990-94?
3200
When did the ANC suspend the armed struggle?
1990
How did Botha undermine negotiations and when?
He staged an attack on ANC bases in Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia in 1985.
When did Mandela suspend negotiations and why?
1992, when more than 40 residents of a township (Boipatong) were massacred in a systematic attack. Suspended negotiations in order to protest.
What did DeKlerk see as a major compromise?
The acceptance of the Communist Party joining negotiations in 1990.
What did DeKlerk reduce and when?
The military budget after the 1989 election
What legislation did DeKlerk repeal when?
repealed the Seperate Amentities Act in 1990, effectively reversing petty apartheid.
During negotiations how often did Mandela meet with how many gov members?
Mandela met weekly with 4 gov members.
What legislation was repealled in 1991?
The Population Registration Act.
What did the ANC refuse to reject during negotiations and why?
The ANC refused to reject economic sanctions as it was an important bargaining tool.
What was Operation Vula? When was it uncovered by the gov? Basically give overview.
Operation Vula (1986) was an ANC underground mission to smuggle fighters and maintain secret communications. Despite the ANC’s unbanning in 1990, it continued as no guarantee that gov would be reasonable in negotiations. Its exposure in July 1990 led to accusations of undermining peace talks.
Why did the NP fear a democratically elected government?
Did not believe it would provide protection for the white minority
One limitation of DeKlerk?
Although he admitted seperate development had failed, he did not apologise for apartheid.
What happened to Mandela in 1988?
Was moved to a house where he could receive visitors
What did Mandela criticise the NP of in 1988
Still holding onto Cold War ideology even though the USSR was crumbling
What were the results of the 1994 election? (ANC and NP)
ANC won with 62.5% of the vote. NP won 20.5%
What did Mandela and DeKlerk become after the 1994 election?
Mandela- President.
DeKlerk- Deputy President
