SA reproduction Flashcards
When does a bitch start cycling?
6-18 months old
Monooestrus, average cycle 16 months
What are the classic ‘In heat’ cycle stages?
Proestrus and Oestrus
Usually 21 days
How long do the following stages generally last?:
* Anoestrus
* Proestrus
* Oestrus
* Dioestrus
- An- 100-150 days
- Pro- 9 days
- Oestrus- 9 days
- Di- 60 days
What are the clinical signs of pro vs oestrus?
Pro:
* serosanguineous vulval discharge
* Vulval swelling
* Males attracted but rejected
Oestrus:
* reduction in vulval swelling
* Discharge becomes brownish
* Willing to accept male
When is the optimal time for OVH?
What does it follow and what are the signs?
- Anoestrus is the optimal time for OVH
- Follows dioestrus: end of fertile period, males no longer attracted- Most common time for Pyometra
Dioestrus- 70 days
What hormones are increased in dioestrus and anoestrus?
Dioestrus
* End of fertile period
* Progesterone dominance
Anoestrus
* Basal levels of oestrogen and progesterone
Describe the process of Vaginal Cytology
- Moisten cotton swab with sterile saline
- Introduce swab to proximal vagina- dorsally
- Roll onto microscope slide
- Assess at low power to establish trend of cellularity and cell types
What are the different cell types seen on cytology in different stages of oestrus?
Proestrus
* plumb round parabasal and intermediate cells
* Contaminating RBCs and neutrophils
Oestrus
* 100%~ cornification: anuclear
* No neutrophils
Dioestrus:
* Abrupt drop in cornified cells
* 50% cells are parabasal (clean up job)
What hormone can be used for oestrus cycle testing?
Progesterone
What may be seen on vaginoscopy during different stages of cycle?
Proestrus: oedema of vaginal mucosa- longitudinal folds
Oestrus: rapid decline of oestrogen causes deflated oedema and wrinkles: crenations
What kind of ovulators are cats?
Seasonal polyoestrus-
induced ovulators
Cycle every 2-3 weeks, no obvious vulval discharge
When are cats in anoestrus?
When daylight is less than 8 hours
What are the benefits of neutering female dogs?
- Population control
- Pyometra risk
- Risk of mammary tumours
- Diabeted mellitus managment
- Increased life expectancy
- Prevent pseudo-pregnancy
- No heats
What are the risks of female dog neuters?
- Surgery risk- minimal
- USMI
- Ovarian remnany syndrome
- Transitional cell carcinoma
What is USMI?
Urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence
* Reduction in urethral closure pressure
* Can occur immediately 10 years after spaying
* Increased risk <3 months old
What medications can be used for USMI management?
Propalin
-phenlypropaline
Incurin
-estriol
- What is ovarian remnant syndrome
- How is it managed?
- Functional residual ovarian tissue: continued hormone secretion: oestrus behvaviour
- Remove
What is the benefit between OVH vs OH?
- No difference in urogenital long term
- OVH technically more demanding
Laparoscopic: improved recovery times
When should small, medium and large breed dogs be spayed earliest?
- Small/Medium: lower risk of USMI so spay before first season: 6 months
-Unless at risk of cruciate disease - Large breed dog- spay after at least one seasone
- What are the benefits of neutering male dogs?
- What are the risks?
- ‘behavioural’
- Testicular neoplasia
- Perineal hernias
- GA risk
- Prostatic neoplasia
- Osteosarcoma
Crpytorchid high chance of becoming neoplastic
What is a pyometra?
Acute or chronic suppurative bacterial infection of the uterus
commonly E.coli
What effect does progesterone have to cause pyometra?
- Endometrial hyperplasia
- Cervical closure- baterial growth
- Myometrial contractility: reduction in contractions
- WBC- decreases local leucocyte function
What are the clinical signs of pyometra?
Mild:
* Pyrexia
* Lethargy
* Reduced appetits
* Vaginal discharge
Moderate
* Mild signs
* Inappetance
* PUPD
* Abdo distention/pain
Severe
* All mild/mod
* Hypovolaemic shock: tachcardia, pale MMS, bad pulse
* Distributive shock: tachycardia, pink red MMs, good pulse
What does abdominal US show for pyometra?
Mickey mouse- upside down
What do bloods show for pyometra?
Leucocytosis- increased production
Leucopenia: increased consumption- worse prognosis
How can pyometra cause azotaemia?
Pre-renal: common
* Dehydrated- fluid loss
Renal: E.coli can affect tubular function
Post-renal: unlikely
What are the treatment options for pyometra?
- Surgery
- Medical- young, healthy to avound sx or delay due to immunocompromised
What is additionally done for OVH with pyo?
- Stabilisatoin pre op: asses volume status, broad spec ABs
- Pack abdomen incase spilage
- Flush abdomen prior to closure
How is pyometra medically managed?
- Prostaglandins
- Dipamine agonists
- Receptor blockers
What is stump pyometra?
Animals not completely spayed- must have some ovarian tissue
Dx: focus on caudal abdomen
How can ovarian remnant syndrome be diagnosed?
During signs:
* Vaginal cytology
* GnRH stimulation test: oestrodiol pre/post
* AMH + progesterone
- When is pseudo-pregnancy seen?
- What are the signs?
- 6-8 weeks post season
- Lactation, behaiour, inappetance
pregnancy must be ruled out
How is pseudo-pregnancy managed?
- Cabergoline- dopamin D2 agonist
- Reduce calories, increase exercise, remove toys
Sometimes spontaneous regression
Do not spay during signs: progesterone will drip and sustain pseudopregn
How is misaliance (accidental pregnancy) treated?
Aglepristone (Alizin)
2 injections 24h apart
<45 days post mating- can show parturition signs
OVH
Cabergoline- off licence
What is juvenile vaginitis?
Mucoid to mucopurulent vulval discharge- pre-pupertal
Self-limiting
