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Year 3 MOD > SA reproduction > Flashcards

SA reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

When does a bitch start cycling?

A

6-18 months old

Monooestrus, average cycle 16 months

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2
Q

What are the classic ‘In heat’ cycle stages?

A

Proestrus and Oestrus

Usually 21 days

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3
Q

How long do the following stages generally last?:
* Anoestrus
* Proestrus
* Oestrus
* Dioestrus

A
  • An- 100-150 days
  • Pro- 9 days
  • Oestrus- 9 days
  • Di- 60 days
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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of pro vs oestrus?

A

Pro:
* serosanguineous vulval discharge
* Vulval swelling
* Males attracted but rejected

Oestrus:
* reduction in vulval swelling
* Discharge becomes brownish
* Willing to accept male

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5
Q

When is the optimal time for OVH?

What does it follow and what are the signs?

A
  • Anoestrus is the optimal time for OVH
  • Follows dioestrus: end of fertile period, males no longer attracted- Most common time for Pyometra

Dioestrus- 70 days

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6
Q

What hormones are increased in dioestrus and anoestrus?

A

Dioestrus
* End of fertile period
* Progesterone dominance

Anoestrus
* Basal levels of oestrogen and progesterone

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7
Q

Describe the process of Vaginal Cytology

A
  • Moisten cotton swab with sterile saline
  • Introduce swab to proximal vagina- dorsally
  • Roll onto microscope slide
  • Assess at low power to establish trend of cellularity and cell types
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8
Q

What are the different cell types seen on cytology in different stages of oestrus?

A

Proestrus
* plumb round parabasal and intermediate cells
* Contaminating RBCs and neutrophils

Oestrus
* 100%~ cornification: anuclear
* No neutrophils

Dioestrus:
* Abrupt drop in cornified cells
* 50% cells are parabasal (clean up job)

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9
Q

What hormone can be used for oestrus cycle testing?

A

Progesterone

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10
Q

What may be seen on vaginoscopy during different stages of cycle?

A

Proestrus: oedema of vaginal mucosa- longitudinal folds

Oestrus: rapid decline of oestrogen causes deflated oedema and wrinkles: crenations

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11
Q

What kind of ovulators are cats?

A

Seasonal polyoestrus-
induced ovulators

Cycle every 2-3 weeks, no obvious vulval discharge

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12
Q

When are cats in anoestrus?

A

When daylight is less than 8 hours

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13
Q

What are the benefits of neutering female dogs?

A
  • Population control
  • Pyometra risk
  • Risk of mammary tumours
  • Diabeted mellitus managment
  • Increased life expectancy
  • Prevent pseudo-pregnancy
  • No heats
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14
Q

What are the risks of female dog neuters?

A
  • Surgery risk- minimal
  • USMI
  • Ovarian remnany syndrome
  • Transitional cell carcinoma
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15
Q

What is USMI?

A

Urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence
* Reduction in urethral closure pressure
* Can occur immediately 10 years after spaying
* Increased risk <3 months old

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16
Q

What medications can be used for USMI management?

A

Propalin
-phenlypropaline

Incurin
-estriol

17
Q
  1. What is ovarian remnant syndrome
  2. How is it managed?
A
  1. Functional residual ovarian tissue: continued hormone secretion: oestrus behvaviour
  2. Remove
18
Q

What is the benefit between OVH vs OH?

A
  • No difference in urogenital long term
  • OVH technically more demanding

Laparoscopic: improved recovery times

19
Q

When should small, medium and large breed dogs be spayed earliest?

A
  • Small/Medium: lower risk of USMI so spay before first season: 6 months
    -Unless at risk of cruciate disease
  • Large breed dog- spay after at least one seasone
20
Q
  1. What are the benefits of neutering male dogs?
  2. What are the risks?
A
    • ‘behavioural’
    • Testicular neoplasia
    • Perineal hernias
    • GA risk
    • Prostatic neoplasia
    • Osteosarcoma

Crpytorchid high chance of becoming neoplastic

21
Q

What is a pyometra?

A

Acute or chronic suppurative bacterial infection of the uterus

commonly E.coli

22
Q

What effect does progesterone have to cause pyometra?

A
  • Endometrial hyperplasia
  • Cervical closure- baterial growth
  • Myometrial contractility: reduction in contractions
  • WBC- decreases local leucocyte function
22
Q

What are the clinical signs of pyometra?

A

Mild:
* Pyrexia
* Lethargy
* Reduced appetits
* Vaginal discharge

Moderate
* Mild signs
* Inappetance
* PUPD
* Abdo distention/pain

Severe
* All mild/mod
* Hypovolaemic shock: tachcardia, pale MMS, bad pulse
* Distributive shock: tachycardia, pink red MMs, good pulse

23
Q

What does abdominal US show for pyometra?

A

Mickey mouse- upside down

24
Q

What do bloods show for pyometra?

A

Leucocytosis- increased production
Leucopenia: increased consumption- worse prognosis

25
Q

How can pyometra cause azotaemia?

A

Pre-renal: common
* Dehydrated- fluid loss

Renal: E.coli can affect tubular function

Post-renal: unlikely

26
Q

What are the treatment options for pyometra?

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Medical- young, healthy to avound sx or delay due to immunocompromised
27
Q

What is additionally done for OVH with pyo?

A
  • Stabilisatoin pre op: asses volume status, broad spec ABs
  • Pack abdomen incase spilage
  • Flush abdomen prior to closure
28
Q

How is pyometra medically managed?

A
  • Prostaglandins
  • Dipamine agonists
  • Receptor blockers
29
Q

What is stump pyometra?

A

Animals not completely spayed- must have some ovarian tissue

Dx: focus on caudal abdomen

30
Q

How can ovarian remnant syndrome be diagnosed?

A

During signs:
* Vaginal cytology
* GnRH stimulation test: oestrodiol pre/post
* AMH + progesterone

31
Q
  1. When is pseudo-pregnancy seen?
  2. What are the signs?
A
  1. 6-8 weeks post season
  2. Lactation, behaiour, inappetance

pregnancy must be ruled out

32
Q

How is pseudo-pregnancy managed?

A
  1. Cabergoline- dopamin D2 agonist
  2. Reduce calories, increase exercise, remove toys

Sometimes spontaneous regression

Do not spay during signs: progesterone will drip and sustain pseudopregn

33
Q

How is misaliance (accidental pregnancy) treated?

A

Aglepristone (Alizin)
2 injections 24h apart
<45 days post mating- can show parturition signs

OVH
Cabergoline- off licence

34
Q

What is juvenile vaginitis?

A

Mucoid to mucopurulent vulval discharge- pre-pupertal

Self-limiting

Year 3 MOD (42 decks)

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