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Year 3 MOD > Equine Repro and Neonatology > Flashcards

Equine Repro and Neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

Over what age is classed as a mare?

A

> 4 years

Puberty at 12-24 months

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2
Q

How does a mare cycle?

A

It will struggle- ha hey

Long day
Seasonal polyoestrus

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3
Q

How long does the oestrus cycle last?
When does Diestrus/Oestrus occur?

A

Oestrus cycle- 21 days

Dioestrus- 16-17 dYS

Oestrus- 4-6 days

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4
Q

What is the equine transition period?

A
  • Period of change from anoestrus to regular cycling
  • Lasts upto 6 weeks
  • Ovaries have multiple small follicles
  • Can show no oestrus, constant or erratic oestrus
  • Follicles will not ovulate
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5
Q

What can the following drugs be used to manipulate in oestrus?
1. Prostaglandins
2. Prostagens
3. Oestrogens
4. Chorionic gonadotrophin
5. Desleroelin

A
  1. Prostaglandins- induce luteolysis of CL: oestrus 3-5 days post injection
  2. Given orally suppress oestrus, withdrawal causes rebound activity
  3. Oestrogens: induce behavioural oestrus: AI collection
  4. Given during oestrus: induce the dominant follicle
  5. Hormone sub-cut induce ovulation within 48h
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6
Q

How can the photoperiod be used to manipulate oestrus?

A
  • Can be brought forward by artificial light over winter
  • Mares ovulate 8-10 weeks later
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7
Q

How can oestrus be suppressed?

A
  • Long term progestagens- spenny
  • Intrauterine devices- not encouraged
  • Anti-GnRH vaccine- not licensed
  • Induce long term CL- oxytocin
  • Put in foal and terminate
  • Ovariectomy: invasive, expensive
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8
Q

When should mares be served?

A
  • Oestrus behaviour ceases within 24 hours of ovulation: mare no longer receptive
  • Ooctye viable for 12 hours post ovualtion
  • Matings after ovulation have poor conception
  • Spermatozoa reach oviduct within hours and are viable for 48 hours

Serve mares 24-48 hours prior to ovulation

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9
Q

What structures will a mare in oestrus have?

A
  • Dominant follicle
  • Uterine oedema
  • Soft oedematous cervix
  • Behavioural signs of oestrus

If in oestrus scan 24-48h later
If not give PG: 3-5 days

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10
Q

What are the signs ovulation is abour to occur?

A
  • Numerous to dominant follicle
  • Dominant follicle- pointing (imminent)

Ovulated leaving corpus haemorrhagicum- CL

  • If follicle >35mm, uterine oedema regressing: MATE
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11
Q

What should be scanned post mating?

A
  • 12-24 hours after
  • See if ovulated
  • Check for one ovulation: twins
  • Fluid in uterine lumen: endometritis
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12
Q

What does bad perineal conformation lead to?

A
  • Failure of vulval and vestibular seal
  • Pnuemovagina
  • Cervicitis
  • Bacterial contamination
  • Endometritis
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13
Q

How can perineal conformation be altered?

A

Caslicks vulcoplasty
* Closure of vulva
* Requires opening before foaling

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14
Q

What ovarian problems can occur?

A

Persistent CL- tx: PG
Anovulatory follicles: tx PG/time

Granulosa cell tumour- lymphomania or anoestrus: AMH

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15
Q

Whar are the effects of endometritis?

A

Does not affect conception but implantation

Chronic metritis, free fluid, mating induced endometritis

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16
Q

How is endometritis treated?

A
  • Uterine lavage: volumes of saline
  • Oxytocin
  • Intrauterine ABs
  • Use of AI
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17
Q

What is chronic degenerative endometrial disease?

A

Endometriosis
* Progressive degen of endometrium and replacement by fibrotic tissue
* Age related infertility

DX: hisopath

TX: none/curette

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18
Q
  1. What causes cervical incompetence?
  2. What are the problems with uterine cysts?
A
  1. Either congenital or foaling injury- Sx
  2. Rarely cause infertility, can cause problems at preg- remain static in size
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19
Q

What pre-breeding diseases are cleared?

A
  • Clitoral swab for CEM: contagious equine metritis
  • Blood sample for EVA: equine viral arteritis
  • Strangles
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20
Q

How long is a horse pregnant?

A

336 days average

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21
Q

What do endometrial cups do?

A
  • Endometrial cups start secreting eCG at day 35 pregnancy
  • eCG maintains primary CL and encourdages secondary
  • At day 70 eCG falls and cups gone by 150d
  • After 200 days- foetal-placental progesterone maintains prengancy
22
Q

What is the importance of endometrial cups in equine repro?

A
  • Once in place- >35 days can only be removed by natural regression- 150d
  • Abbortion must be done <35d if want to breed in same season
23
Q

How is PD done in horse?

A
  • Failure to return to oestrus: 14-21d
  • Lab- eCG from 45-90
  • Manual palp- 40d
  • Rectal- >14 days, 26d
24
Q

What are the common causes of pregnancy failure?

A
  • Early loss <40d (10-14 highest)
  • Viral- EHV (most common), EVA
  • Bacterial- ascending infection
  • Fungal- rare
  • Twins- opposite horns issue
  • Idiopathic
  • Foetal abnormalities
  • Systemic illness- pyrexia
25
Q

How can abortion be induced?
1. Before 3 months
2. After 3 months

A
  1. PG
  2. Repeated PG
26
Q

How can foaling be induced?
What are the risks?

A

Oxtocin every 15-20 mins until delivery starts
Risks
* uterine rupture
* Dystocia
* Foal immaturity
* RFM

27
Q

What are the physical characeteristics of prematurity/dysmaturity?

A
  • Low birth weight
  • Short, silky hair
  • Floppy ears
  • Domed head
  • Weakness
  • Flexor tendon laxity
  • Incomplete ossificaiton of tarsal/carpal bones
  • Severe cases: organ dysfunction
28
Q

What predisoposes to FPT?

A
  • Loss of colostrum via premature lactation
  • Inadequate colostrum
  • Failure to ingest
  • Failure to absorb
29
Q

How is FPT diagnosed?

A
  • RIP
  • ELISA- snap test
  • TSP- globulins
30
Q

How is FPT treated?

A
  • > 12-24 h need plasma
  • <12-24- colostrum: banks, commerical
31
Q

What are the consequences of FPT?

A
  • Sepitcaemia

foals normally stand within 1 hour and suck within 2

32
Q

What is the average weight of newborn foal?

A

45-55kg

33
Q

What is required for sick neonate?

A
  • Intense medical care- fluid, ABs, IGg, NSAIDs
  • Resp stimulatit
  • Diuretics- oliguria
  • Resp support
  • Monitor

ABs- penicillins/b-lactams

34
Q

What are the clinical signs of neonatal septicaemia?

A
  • Foal off suck
  • increased RR and effort
  • Acute severe lameness
  • Discharge/swollen umbilicus
  • Fever
  • Dark MMS
  • Diarrhoea
  • Meninigtis
  • SIRs
35
Q

What are the three localisations of sepsis infections?

A

Umbilical- US
Pneumoina- Blood gas, X-ray
Arthritis- synovial fluid

36
Q

What are the differentials for neonate with resp signs?

A
  • Septicaemia
  • Viral pneumonia
  • Meconium aspiration
  • Haemothorax
  • Respiratory distress syndrome
  • Pulmonry hypertension
  • Central resp depression
37
Q

What is CID/SCID?

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency
* Failure to produce functional B/T lymphocytes

38
Q

What is ‘dummy’ foal?

A

Peinatal aschphyxia syndrome
* Ishaemia, Oedema and reperfusion injury to brain, Kidney
* due to in utero hypoxia

39
Q

How is PAS treated?

dummy foal

A

Mannitol if cerebral oedema
Compression squeeze
Control of seizures

40
Q

What are the clinical signs of ruptured bladder?

A

Most common in colts- 2-3d
Dysuria- stranguria

Post-renal zotaemia/ US
Medical managemnt first

41
Q

What are the differentials for foal colic?

A
  • Meconium impaction
  • Ruptured bladder/uroperitoneum
  • Overfeed
  • Diarhorrea
  • Gastric ulcers
42
Q

W

What are the differentials for foal anaemia?

A
  • Blood loss- low protein
  • Haemolysis- normal protein
43
Q

What causes neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Aa and Qa negative mares to positive stallions

44
Q

How is neonatal isoerythrolysis diagnosed?

A

Detecteding Abs on RBCs (coombs test)

45
Q

How is neonatal isoerythrolysis prevented?

A

Withhold colostrum

46
Q

H

How is Neonatal isoerythrolysis treated?

A

PCV >15% remove source
<15% Blood transfusion
Supportive care

47
Q

What are the differentials for foal diarhorrea?

A

E.coli
Salmonella
Clostridia- smells bad
Foal heat diarrhoea

48
Q

What are the differentials for foals >10 days?

A
  • rota virus
  • Corona/adeno- immunocompromised
  • Crypto
  • Rhodococcus
  • Lawsonia intracellularis
49
Q

When does rotavirus affect foals?

A

1-4 weeks of age
Highlt infectious- outbreas

50
Q

What causes equine proliferative enteropathy?

A
  • Lawsonia intracellularis

3-11months
TX: erythromycin/oxytet

Year 3 MOD (42 decks)

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