S8 - Negotiation Barriers: Inclusion + Exclusion

Question 1

inclusion in peace processes

Answer 1

Practice of including different actors and interests into the negotiating process to increase the representation and legitimacy of negotiations and support for the final agreement

increase legitimacy / representation / support

Question 2

types of inclusion

Answer 2

direct representation

consultations –> officially endorsed / unofficial / public

observer status

Question 3

benefits inclusive peace processes

Answer 3

Increases legitimacy and public support

Demonstrates a commitment to democratic values

Correlates with more agreements being reached and
implemented

Opportunity to address underlying sources of conflict

legitimacy / democratic / more agreement reached / underlying sources adressed

Question 4

disadvantages inclusive peace processses

Answer 4

Makes compromise difficult

Possibility of forming polarized coalitions

Extends timeframe and reduces opportunity for dialogue

Incompatible with secrecy

Problem of representation

compromise difficult / polarized coalitions / extends timeframe / no secrecy

Question 5

who should be included

Answer 5

civil society

armed groups

(extremist / terrorist groups)

Question 6

included groups - civil society

Answer 6

Ensure negotiators address underlying causes of conflict

Champion for peace

Limit concessions to armed groups

Ensure society benefits from peace agreements

Question 7

included groups - armed groups

Answer 7

Prevent spoiling behavior

Increase likelihood of longer lasting peace

Increase public support for agreement

Moderate extreme positions

Question 8

including extremist / terrorist groups?

Answer 8

If they have broad public support

If they renounce terrorist tactics

Limit participation

Question 9

womens participation in peace processes - obstacles

Answer 9

Mismatch between type of support offered and type of expertise required

Protracted and non-linear peace processes

Women represent diverse political viewpoints

Gatekeepers do not value/prioritize women’s inclusion

Question 10

womens participation in peace processes - benefits

Answer 10

More gender equal policies

Increases the durability of peace

More provisions that address social inequality

Increases awareness of the gendered effects of
war/conflict

gender equalities / durability / increases awareness / social inequality adressed

Question 11

how to make inclusion more effective - process factors

Answer 11

decision making procedures should not marginalize or sideline included actors

Procedures and criteria of selection should effectively represent constituencies

Transfer of information to ensure inputs
are included in peace agreements

Support structures for included actors to enhance their influence

Coalition building and joint positioningbehind a single position or agenda

Inclusion-friendly mediators who lobby for inclusion

Question 12

how to make inclusion more effective - context factors

Answer 12

Elite support (or resistance) of specific provisions or theparticipation of specific groups, e.g. women

Influence of regional actors is decisive for peace and transition processes

Public support is a key element forsuccessful peace agreement

Preparedness of included actors tomeet the formal requirements ofparticipation in negotiations

Question 13

inside spoilers

Answer 13

signs the peace agreement but fails to fulfill key
obligations

Question 14

outside spoilers

Answer 14

parties who are excluded from the peace
process or who exclude themselvesand use violence to attack the peace process.

Question 15

numbers of spoilers

Answer 15

> 1 spoiler compounds challenges of peace negotiations

Question 16

types of spoilers

Answer 16

limited spoilers

greedy spoilers

total spoilers

Question 17

limited spoilers

Answer 17

limited, but sometimes non-negotiable, goals

Question 18

greedy spoilers

Answer 18

goals expand, or contract, based on calculations of cost and risk

Question 19

total spoilers

Answer 19

pursue total power and have immutable preferences

Question 20

locus spoilers - leader

Answer 20

change in leadership results in change of spoiler type (total–> limited)

Question 21

locus spoilers - followers / base

Answer 21

change in leadership will not lead to changes in spoiler type and may lead to more violence (limited –>total)

Question 22

strategies of spoiler management

Answer 22

inducement

socialization

coercion

Question 23

inducement

Answer 23

taking positive measures to address grievances

Question 24

socialization

Answer 24

establish a set of norms for acceptable behavior

Question 25

coercion

Answer 25

use or threat of punishment to deter spoiler behavior or reduce their capability to disrupt the peace process

Question 26

types of coercion

Answer 26

Coercive diplomacy

Departing train strategy

Withdrawal strategy

Question 27

role of the mediator

Answer 27

Choosing an appropriate spoiler management

Overcome organizational blinders that lead to misreading parties’ intentions and motivations

Create an external coalition for peace

spoiler management / overcome blinders / coalition for peace

Question 28

choosing an appropriate spoiler management

Answer 28

Socialization for a greedy spoiler

Coercion for a total spoiler

Question 29

key points inclusion / exclusion

Answer 29

Inclusive peace processes are more likely to lead to durable peace

Spoilers have many dimensions

Spoilers can be managed but it is important to choose the correct strategy