Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IMS 1 > S8- blood > Flashcards

S8- blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood contains…
the volume in body is…

A

RBC, WBC, plasma, platemets
5L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Arteries:
arterioles, venules, cappillaries
veins

A

oxygen rich and bring blood from heart to organs and tissues

small vessels and diameter and maximise blood-tissue interaction

oxygen poor and return blood from organs to heart and then to lungs to re-oxygenate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

5 functions of blood

A
  1. hydration
  2. delivery of nutrients and oxygen and distribution of endocrine hormones
  3. regulation of body temperature and pH
  4. fight infection: immune response
  5. prevent blood loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the most abundant blood cell is…they contain…

A

arythrocyte (RBC)
haemoglobin which regulates oxygen transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

4 examples of endocrine hormones (secreted by specific endocrine glands into blood)

A
  1. insulin- beta cells in pancreas
  2. Oestrogen/ progesterone/ testosterone- ovary/testes
  3. vasopressin (hormone that maintains osmolality/ conc of dissolved particles)- posterior pituitary lobe
  4. adrenalin- adrenal medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

blood maintains body temperature through…

A

Endorsing and distributing heat through vasodilation and constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

blood maintains pH through

A

proteins and solutes within plasma that act as buffers to prevent changes in pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

blood maintains fluid volume through

A

ions and proteins that act to prevent fluid loss into the interstital spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WBC contribute to…
in the blood plasma, the…system is activated to fight infection

A

immune response against infection (all WBC) and allergic reaction (eosinophils and basophils)
complement system (plasma proteins react together to trget pathogens and induce a series of inflammatory responses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

5 types of WBC are:

A

lymphocytes
Monocytes
eosinophil
Basophil
neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

platelets are…
in blood coagulation pathway, a…clot is formed through the formation of…

A

small anucleate blood cells that clump together
fibrin
thrombin (enzyme that maintains blood clotting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

all blood cells are derived from…in the…
Called:…

A

one common progenitor
bone marrow
the multipotential haematopoietic stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 major lineages are:
and they produce…different types of blood cells

A

myeloid and lymphoid
11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tools that help in diagnosis of haemotological disorders

A

Blood films and peripheral smears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 most abundant blood plasma proteins

A
  1. albumin (35-50 g/L)- filler
  2. immunoglobulins (25 g/L)- fighting infection
  3. fibrinogens (3-5 g/L)- involved in clotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hematocrit is….

A

percentage of RBC in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

serum is…
plasma is…

they are used for the measurements of…

A

Serum= plasma - clotting factors
plasma= serum + clotting factors

clinical markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

blood groups are a classifications based on…
the 2 systems that are the most significant ans clinically relevant are…

mixing of incomaptible blood leads to…

A

antigens
ABO and Rh

endogeneous antibodies to react with antigens of RBC membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

antigens=
antibodies=

A

agglutinogens
agglutinins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Blood group A has…antigens on RBC and…antobodies in plasma
Blood group B has…antigens on RBC and…antobodies in plasma

A

A antigens and anti-B antibodies
B antigens and anti-A antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Group O is a….
Group AB is a…

A

universal donor (no antigens on RBC)
universal recipient (no antibodies in blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when agglutinins bind to agglutinogens on foreign RBC, it causes….which is the…

agglutinated RBC block…

A

agglutination
aggregation and lysis of incompatible RBCs

small vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

heamolysis is….and it occurs due to…
it can lead to…

A

Break down of RBC
incompatibility of blood type

Hypotension, kidney failure, DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation- leads to bleeding- overactive clotting blocks vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Rhesus (Rh) blood groups are based on an…
Rh+ is….while Rh- is…

A

ion-channel antogen on the RBC membrane
Common
rare

(Rh- is more common in west than in asia or Africa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Rh+ contains…antigens while Rh- doesnt contain them in Rh-, antibodies against... are produced after...
Rh antigens antibodies against Rh+ RBCs Rh+ is exposed to Rh- blood
26
haemolytic syndrome in foetus/ newborn is most common in…mothers and…babies first pregnancy is safe because of the…and so the mother is not exposed to the...
Rh- mother (doesnt have antigen) and Rh+ baby (has antigen on RBC) placenta-blood barrier Rh agglutinogens until the time of childbirth due to placenta tearing (abortion/ miscarriage/ trauma)
27
generation of anti-Rh antibodies in mother means there will be an…in the second pregnancy The antibodies will cross the placenta and…the RBC of the baby- born with… treatment ussed:...
immune reaction destroy severe anemia (due to lack of RBC) Anti-Rh gamma (symbol) globulin to mask the Rh agglutinogens (destroy or hide antigens from mothers immune system)
28
hemostasis is the process that...
maintains flowing blood in a flowing state and confined to the circulatory system
29
hemorrhage is the process of...
Bleeding
30
thrombosis is the process of...
Clotting
31
fibrinolysis is the process of...
clot dissolution
32
the stages of heamostatic response:
1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation cascade 4. fibrinolysis
33
vascular spasm is… *vasoconstriction= limits blood
smooth muscle contracts and causes the narrowing of vessel to reduce blood flow (vasal restriction)
34
primary heamostasis is when...
platelet activation and degranulation occur
35
collagen and…are secreted by injured endothelium platelets will bind to…this will recruit more…and form...
Von Willebrand factor receptors on VWF platelets Plug
36
2 types of granules in platelets are: thromboxame A2 is synthasised by activated platelets and stimulates activation of more platelets
1. dense= produce ATP, ADP, serotonin and Ca2+ (help platelet activation/ +ve feedback) 2. alpha= fc4/ heparin antagonist, plasminogen activator inhibitor PAL-1, platelet derived growth factor, chemokine (help coagulation and wound healing)
37
steps in reaction to vascular trauma:
1. vasoconstriction= reduction of blood flow to area 2. platelet activation and adhesion to collagena nd von willebrand factor 3. platelet shape changes 4. granule release (increased local conc of platelet activators, coagulation factors, vasoconstrictors)= all act to amplify haemostatic response 5. primary plug formed and initial blood loss stopped
38
primary response vs secondary response
1. platelet, endothelial, fibrinogen (defects= immediate bleeding) 2. Circulating enzymes, platelets, fibrin (defects= delayed bleeding)
39
the coagulation cascade mostly uses...
proteins made by liver to activate fibrinogens into fibrin (which holds the platelet plug in place)
40
3 parts of the coagulation cascade are:
1. intrinsic= triggered by negatively charged surfaces such as glass/silia, polyphosphate released by platelets, misfolded proteins 2. extrinsic= triggered by tissue factor 3. Common
41
intrinsic pathway includes:
Fc XII (activated by platelets prekallikrein= kallikrein) -> FcXII a ->FcXI = FcXI a ->FcIX = FcIX a fcIX a+ fcVIII+ Ca2+ +PL-> activates fcX (Fc 12 to fc 11 to fc9 +fc8 to fc10)
42
extrinsic pathway includes:
tissue damage produces tissue factor (fc III) fcVII from blood binds to it Activates fcVII -> fcVII a -> fcX fc3 to fc7 to fc10
43
common pathway includes:
Fc Xa (+ fc V +PL +Ca2+)-> activate prothrombin to thrombin (fcII) thrombin activates: 1. Fibrinogen (soluble in blood plasma) to fibrin (insoluble) 2. fcXIII ->fcXIII a FcXIIIa cause fibrin to cross-link= make stable fibrins +increase its resistance to fibrinolysis (create fibrin nesh that hold plug in place)
44
tissue factor is…and the master regulator that triggers… it is expressed on cell membrane of…cells
transmembrane receptor protein coagulation perivascular cells (cells surrounding blood vessels ie: on smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts)
45
deficiency in fcIX= Deficiency in fcVIII= deficiency in fcXIII leads to... deficiency in fcV leads to… deficiency in vWF leads to… deficiency in fcXI leads to… deficiency of fcXII leads to...
9= heamophelia B 8= heamophelia A 13= severe spontaneous bleeding, miscarriage and poor wound-healing 5= severe spontaneous bleeding moderate to severe bleeding 11= Mild bleeding 12= no bleeding
46
the complexes TF+fc7, fc9+fc8, fc10+fc5 are all…dependant for exaample it is needed for carboxylation of 8, 9 and 10 to allow…to bind and formation of…complexes on the activated…membrane
vitamin K Ca2+ enzyme platelet
47
bleeding is caused by dysfunctional…and… thrombosis is caused by overactive…and...
platelets and coagulation platelets= arteries coagulation= venous
48
4 examples of arterial thrombosis:
1. Myocardial infraction (MI, heart) 2. Atrial fibrillation (AF, heart) 3. peripheral vascular disease (PVS, leg) 4. stroke (brain)
49
2 examples of venous thrombosis:
1. deep vein thrombosis (DVT, arm/leg) 2. pulmonary embolism (PE, lungs)
50
atherosclerotic plaque rupture is a… this leads to local…of cardiac tissue
Inflammatory disorder with deposition of lipids, oxidative stress= with time plaques rupture and induce thrombotic events necrosis (death) (Atherosclerosis thickening or hardening of the arteries)
51
example of venous thrombosis disease:
deep vein thrombosis (DVT) - blood clot in deep vein (low blood flow)- often in legs (above knee or below it) or arms - fibrin and erythrocyte rich - driven by excess thrombin in areas around valves
52
in DVT, part of blood clot can..and travel around body and block smaller vessels such as...
break free (called embolism) pulmonary embolism (PE)= most dangerous pathology associated with DVT
53
symptoms of DVT:
- calf swelling - pain - lack of venous return - associated odema (fluid out of blood)
54
3 catogeries of causes of thrombosis:
1. vessel wall injury 2. Stasis 3. hyperciagulability
55
risk factors for thrombosis:
immobilization Surgery Cancer pregnancy oral contraceptives Genetics (deficiencies in coagulation inhibitors/ V leiden factor mutation)
56
wells score for DVT shows:
Score >2= DVT is likely Score <2= DVT is unlikely
57
bleeding disorders can be:
1. acquired= trauma, surgery, infection, other diseases. Sepsis, aneurysm rupture 2. inherited= caused by congenital disorder
58
loss of lots of blood causes… consequences are:
systemic hypotension (low blood pressure) - reduced cardiac filling - reduced tissue perfusion - loss of RBC and oxygn carrying capacities= hypoxemia (low oxygen levels) - circulatory shock
59
example of an acquired bleeding disorder: the two steps are:
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 1. too much clotting= uses up platelets and factors by forming small clots all around body (progressive)= hemostasis out of control 2, too little clotting= bleeds with slightest injury
60
DIC is caused by...
Infection -> systemic sepsis -> uncontrolled TF exposed (cause clotting)
61
DIC originates in the…leading to… coagulation cascade is activated… factors are consumed at a rate faster than… platelets are consumed at a rate faster than...
microvasculature organ dysfunction Inappropriately the liver can synthesise them the bone marrow megakayocytes cam synthesise them
62
3 examples of inherited bleeding disorders:
1. Platelet dysfunction 2. coagulation factor deficiency of haemophilia (severe) 3. thrombovytopenia (mild)
63
platelet dysfunction can be due to: (3 reasons)
1. defects in platelet-vessel wall interaction- von willebrand syndrome (most common bleeding disorder= platelets do not stick to site of injury) or Bernard-soulier syndrome 2. defects in platelet-platelet interaction (glanzmann thrombasthenia/ congenital afibrinogenemia) 3. defects in platelet granules, secretion and signal transduction (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome)
64
haemophilia has 2 types: it is…recessive disorder Around…% of haemophilia are new mutations the major problem is...
A= fc8 B= fc9 X-linked= expressed in males and females are carriers 30 insufficient thrombin generation
65
symptoms of haemophilia:
1. bruising 2. hemarthrosis (joint bleeding and destruction)
66
ways to treat haemophilia: blood transfusions can give blood-born pathogens and development of autoimmune diseases
clotting time (APPT and TT) restored by mixing with normal plasma replacement of fc8 to achieve haemostasis
67
3 pathways to investigate bleeding disorders:
APTT= activated partieal thromboplastin time (intrinsic) PT= prothrombin time (extrinsic) TT= thrombin time (common)
68
for missing factor, the clotting time will be… bleeding time is corrected by… possible deficient factors are added to idnetify which… if no correlation after mixing with normal plasma= implies...
Prolonged mixing with healthy plasma normalise the clotting time inhibitors
69
in full blood count test results: - haemoglobin= - HCT= - MCV= - PLATELET COUNT= - WHITE CELL COUNT= - NEUTROPHILS= - LYMPHOCYTES=

IMS 1 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions