Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IMS 1 > S6- infection > Flashcards

S6- infection Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of infections

A
  1. endogenous infection= normal microbial flora on (mucocutaneous surfaces) skin/ gut/ airway/ genital tract gets in wrong place (they vary according to site)
  2. exogenous/ communicable infection= person to person/ aminals/ enviromnent ie soil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

example of endogeneous infections

A

cystitis (inflammation of bladder)
due to infection of lower urinary tract
caused by bacteria from gut flora (enter urethra and move to bladder)

Symptoms:
lower abdominal pain
urgency
dysuria
frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 routes of transmission of endogeneous infecions

A
  1. migration (ie: bowel flora to urethra cause local infection and spread to bladder= UTI)- easier in females
  2. perforation (lead to disease of bowel colon (cancer) and hole in bowel wall leads to contamination of abdominal cavity with faecal flora= life threatening infection called peritonitis)
  3. Blood= endocarditis (dental work might cause mouth flora to enter blood stream (streptocicci bacteria) and circulation of blood will allow it to reach the heart and cause invasion to heart valve (especially if abnormal valve tissue due to congenital defect))
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

7 routes of transmission of exogeneous infections

A
  1. contact (direct and indirect)
  2. injuries (trauma, bites)
  3. airborne
  4. Oral (food/ water)
  5. blood-borne
  6. Sex
  7. Mother to baby (vertical)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

some infection transmitted more than one way: ie: HIV

A
  1. blood borne (injecting drug use)
  2. vertical (antenatal, perinatal, breast feeding)
  3. Sexual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

some infections require more than one step
Ie: staphylococcus (soft tissue infection)

A
  1. colonisation of skin (joins skin flora)
  2. penetration of skin (spreads and damages)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

factors that make an infectiin serious: pathogen

A

pathogen factors:
1. infectious dose= minimum number of organisms required to produce disease
2. virulence factors (molecules that assists bacterium to colonise)= allow invasion of host
3. toxins= cholera bacterium produce toxin that binds to gut cells= watery diarrhoea causes dehydration and kidney failure and death
4. resistance to antimicrobials/ antibacterial= mutations (advantageous mutation the more antobacterials used= failure of antomicrobial treatment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

factors the make an infection serious:
Host

A
  1. environment (geo/ climate/ financial/ public health infrastructure ie sanitation/ distribution of other infection hosts) ie dengue fever= viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes (fever, rash, muscle pain, bleeding, shock and multi organ failure)
  2. barriers to infection (skin, mucous membranes/ stomach acid/ native bacteria/ immune system/ behaviour)
  3. genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

barriers to infection examples

A
  1. cuts and wound infections/ corneal abrasions (entry for pathogens/ conjunctivitis)
  2. stomach acid pH 2= very few organims can survive/ drugs for stomach ulcer increase pH and patients are more susceptible to food poisoning
  3. normal gut bacteria prevents colonisation by pathogenic bacteria (antibiotic treatments destroys good bacteria too= allow pathogens to cause infection)
  4. immune system= primary and secondary/ aquired immunodeficiencies
  5. behaviour= job/ travel/ pets/ sex/ drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

primary immunodeficiencies are…
genetic variation can…
secondary immunodeficiencies include:…

A

Rare
protect against infection

treatments that suppress the immune system (chemotherapy for cancer/ suppressors for autoimmune diseases)
HIV= destroys immune cells AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

7 types of organisms that cause infection in order of size from biggest to smallest

A

helminths (ie tapeworms)
insects (fleas)
protozoe (malaria)
fungi (candida)
Bacteria (staphylococci)
viruses (influenza)
Prions (kuru)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

all…are parasites (depends on another for survival) but 3 organisms are considered MEDICAL parasites

A

infections

helminths
insects
protozoe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

endoparasites live…
Ectoparasites live…

A

inside the body (major cause of illness ie: helminths and protozoa)
outside the body (minor symptoms but transmit other infections)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

protozoa are..
some have complex lifecyles involving…

A

unicellular organisms (too small to see by eye)
more than one host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 examples of protozoa

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

life cycle of malaria involves…stages

A

3

17
Q

helminths are…organisms and some have complex lifecyles with more than one host

other species have their own helminths which can…

A

complex
Accidentally cause human disease

18
Q

3 types of helminths are…

A
  1. Cestodes (tapeworm)- segmented, flat
  2. trematodes (flukes)- unsegmented, flat
  3. nematodes (round worms)- cylindrical, have digestive tract, lips, teeth, anus
19
Q

example of cestode (taenia saginata- beef tapeworm)

A
20
Q

example of trematodes (flukes- bilharzia)

A
21
Q

example of ectoparasite insect (cimex lectularius- bedbugs)

A
22
Q

2 main forms of fungal infections are:

some can switch between the 2 forms, they are called…

A
  1. Yeasts- single cells which bud
  2. moulds- filamentous strands

diamorphic fungi (yeast at body temp and mould at room temp)

23
Q

fungal infections can be…for example related to skin structures
2 examples:
usually due to…

A

Superficial
1. tinea pedis (athlet’s foot)- (tinea= fungal and pedis= foot)
2. Tine corporis (ringworm)- (corporis= body)
3 common species of mould

24
Q

Severe…fungal infections (ie: yeast)- infect patients with…
they cause…

A

invasive
failing immune system/ low resistance (ie: due to HIV)
meningitis (inflammation of membranes lining brain and spinal cord), headaches, neck stiffness, confusion, coma, death

25
Q

bactria are…and they reproduce..
they use…to move and…for cell-to-cell interactions

A

unicellular organisms/ prokaryotes
asexually
flagellae and pili

26
Q

bacteria are responsible fo rth emost common severe infections
for example:

A
  1. pneumonia (infection of lung tissue)
  2. UTI (bladder)
  3. cellulitis (skin)
  4. meningitis (brain)
  5. cholecystitis (gallbladder)
  6. diverticulitis (bowel)
  7. appendicitis (appendix- end of inestine- where faeces are formed)
27
Q

3 ways bacteria are classified:
this is important because it allows to predict which…will be effective

A
  1. appearance on shape
  2. grouping
  3. gram stain

antibiotics

28
Q

shapes of bacteria can be split into 2 groups:

A
  1. round= coccus
  2. rod= bacillus
29
Q

coccus bacteria can group together in 3 different ways:

A
  1. clusters
  2. chains
  3. pairs
30
Q

bacteria cell walls…in composition and some…the crystal…stain while other don’t
…stain is used to classify bacteria into 2 groups:

A

vary
retain
violet
gram stain
Gram-positive (purple)- bacteria have one cell membrane
Gram-negative (pink)- have inner and outer cell membranes

31
Q

example of bactria infection (streptococcus pneumoniae- aka: pneumococcus)
-classification:
-colinises…areas
-also invades…
-cause…
-complications

A

Gram-positive cocci in pairs (purple, round)
nose and throat (40-50% of adults)
invades other sites ie: lungs- causing pneumonia
Cough, chest pain, breathlessness, fever
Blood stream infection, meningitis, death

32
Q

viruses depend on…for metabolism and replication
their structure contains:
can be seen using…

A

host cell
Protein core around genetic material- protein coat and outer membrane
powerful electeron microscopes

33
Q

3 enzymes used in lifecycle of HIV

A
  1. reverse transcriptase
  2. integrase (integrate viral DNA with host DNA)
  3. protease
34
Q

viruses can cause a wide spectrum of disease:

new viruses always re-emerge with with chainging human behaviour

A
  • tivial infections= ie: rhinovirus- common cold
  • severe chronic disease= HIV
  • acute life threatening disease= ebola
35
Q

viruses infect host cells for differing lengths of time

A
  1. acute infection= norovirus for days causing diarrhoea and vomiting (gastro-enteritis- infection of stomach and intestines)
  2. chronic infection= hepatitis C virus cause liver inflammation for years
  3. latent infection= herpesviruses can be dormant for decades before reactivating to cause disease
36
Q

example of virus that causes latent infection: varicella zoster virus
-primary infection causes…
-then the virus becomes dormant in…
-reactivates years later as…

A

Chickenpox (rash and fever)
sensory nerve roots
shingles (same rash but confined to dermatome= area supplied by single sensory nerve)

37
Q

some viral infections contribute to…

A

Cancers

38
Q

prions are…
they are also called:
they lack…(not a living organism)
they are a type of protein that…

they are very difficult to destroy (standard sterilisation techniques/ disinfectants and heating do not work)

A

smallest infective agents known
protein-aceous infectious particles
nucleic acid
makes other proteins fold abnormally and accumulate mainly in neural tissues

39
Q

3 examples of prion diseases:

A

IMS 1 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions