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IMS 1 > S13- nerve and muscle > Flashcards

S13- nerve and muscle Flashcards

1
Q

structure of skeletal muscle

A
  • 3 layers of membranes
    1. epimysium= outside layer
    2. perimysium= around fascicles
    3. endomysium= around muscle fibre
  • blood vessels around fascicles
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2
Q

role of smooth muscle
2 types:

A
  • in airways/ vasculature/ gastrointestinal tract (in hollow organs)
  • not attached to skeleton
  1. phasic smooth muscle= contract rhythmically/ when activated
  2. tonic smooth muscle= continously contracted (found inside sphincters-a ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube, such as the anus or the openings of the stomach.)
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3
Q

structure of smooth muscle

A
  • shorter than skeletal
  • NOT STRIATED
  • spindle-shaped/ single/ central nucleus
  • more actin then myosin= 16:1
  • no sacromeres (no irganisation/no striations)
  • no t-tubules/ sarcoplasmic reticulum poorly developed
  • caveolae= indentations in sarcolemma= act like t-tubules
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4
Q

important feature of smooth muscle is its ability to…
slower contaration because…
2 reasons for slow cycling:

A

maintain force over long periods of time (ie sphincters)
cross-bridge/ latch-bridges cycling is much slower
1. slow ATPase rate= take long for cross bridge to detach from actin filament
2. rate of Ca2+ removal from cytoplasm is slow

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5
Q

skeletal and cardiac muscles are both….because of the…

A

striated
regular arrangement/ organisation of actin and myosin filaments

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6
Q

structure of cardiac muscle

A
  • sarcomeres
  • branching
  • the cells of the muscle are connecting by anchoring cell junctions= intercalated disks
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7
Q

3 types of cell junctions in intercalated disc:

A
  1. Fascia/ zonula adherens
  2. desmosomes/ macula adherens= chemical/ mechanical coupling
  3. gap junctions= electrical coupling
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8
Q

a motor unit is made of

A

motor neurone + muscle unit

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9
Q

summary of action potential graph

A
  1. resting potential: at -70 (Na+/K+ pump)
  2. stimulus reaches threshold at -55
  3. depolarisation to +40 (Na+ in)
  4. repolarisation (k+ out)
  5. hyperpolarisation (forms the refractory period)
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10
Q

difference between skeletal and cardiac contraction

A

skeletal= faster= larger diameter of fibres
cardiac= slower contraction =gap junctions= small diameter of fibres

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11
Q

summary of cardiac action potential

A

phase 4= resting potential (-90)
phase 0= depolarisation (+30)= Na+ and Ca+ in
phase 1= slight repolarisation= K+ out
phase 2= the plateau Ca+ in and K+ out (exchange of charge)= L-type Ca+ channels/ slow Ca+ channels used
phase 3= repolarisation= K+ out

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12
Q

Anti-arrhythmic drugs are designed to treat
the 4 classes of drugs are…and they act on different…

A

an abnormality of the heart rhythm
1. Sodium-channel blocker= phase 0
2. beta blocker= phase 4 (on K+ channel that takes K+ out)
3. potassium channel blocker= phase 3
4. Calcium channel blocker= phase 2

act on different parts/ phases/ channels in action potential graph

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13
Q

2 types of diseases that affect muscles

A
  1. rhabdomyolysis= breakdown of skeletal muscles and release content into circulation
  2. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)= motor unit disease (muscle or motor neurone could be affected= x-linked)
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14
Q

identify different parts of a neurone

A
  1. dendrite
  2. cell body and nucleus
  3. Axon
  4. Myelin sheath
  5. node of ranvier
  6. schwann cell (in myelin sheath)
  7. axon terminal
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15
Q

3 types of structure of neurones

A
  1. multipolar= lots of branching from the cell body
  2. bipolar= 2 branches from cell body
  3. unipolar= one branch from cell body (ie: sensory neurone)
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16
Q

the nervous system can be classified into 2 types:

A
  1. Central= brain and spinal cord
  2. peripheral= autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and somatic (carries sensory info)
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17
Q

the brain has grey matter which consists of….and white matter which consists of…

A
  1. lots of synapses and cell bodies
  2. lots of axons and myelin sheath
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18
Q

3 membranes/ meninges that overlie the brain and spinal cord are:

the clinical relevance includes:

A

from outer to inner
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. pia mater

infection= meningitis
Bleeds
tumours= meningioma

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19
Q

the spinal cord has…
and they are divided into 5 sections

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves
1. cervical
2. Thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral
5. coccygeal

20
Q

there are…pairs of…nerves in the brain

A

13
cranial nerves

21
Q

somatic nervous system aka…controls…

A

voluntary
movements and recieves sensory info

22
Q

dermatomes are…
myotomes are….

A

areas of skin supplied by one spinal nerve
muscle groups innervated by one spinal nerve

23
Q

autonomic system is..
it regulates…
its divided into…

A

largely unconcious
organ function/ glands/ smooth muscle
sympathetic and parasympathetic

24
Q

sympathetic is for…they are found in..
parasympathetic is for…they are found in…

A

fight or flight= increase heart rate/ and inhibit or relax most other organs that are not needed
middle region of spine (thoracic and lumbar)

rest and digest
top and end regions of spine (sacral and brain stem)

25
Q

glial cells/ neuroglia are…
CNS and PNS both have…

A

non-neuronal cells in the central and peripheral nervous system

different glia

26
Q

4 types of neuroglia in CNS

A
  1. ependymal= line the ventricular system of brain and the central canal of spinal cord, ciliated= help cerebrospinal fluid to flow, can contribute to CSF production at choroid plexus (network of blood vessels)
  2. astrocytes= form blood-brain barrier with capillaries (+metabolic and structural support)
  3. oligodendrocytes= form myelin sheath (common in white matter)
  4. microglia= immune cells of CNS+ general maintenance (clear up damaged cells and amyloid plaques)
27
Q

2 types of neuroglia in PNS

A
  1. satellite cells= surround cell bodies in sensory/ sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia= express ion channels and transporters for neurotransmitters+ regulate extracellular environment
  2. Schwann cells= myein formation in PNS+ structural support (some are non-myelinating schwanncells= only provide support)
28
Q

myelination increases….as it allows…

A

conduction velocity
saltatory conduction

29
Q

peripheral nerves can be clssified based on…

A

diameter and conduction velocity

30
Q

in the arlanger-gasser classification, groups A and B are…while C is..
group A has..

group C has…

A

myelinated
unmyelinated

largest diameter and fastest conduction speed (less friction)= somatic motor/ touch/ pressure/ pain
B= pre ganglionic sympathetic
smallest diameter and slowest speed (slow pain/ post ganglionic sympathetic)

31
Q

3 types of neurotransmitter:

A
  1. excitatory= increases electrical excitability at post synaptic membrane
  2. inhibitory= reduces electrical excitability
  3. neuromodulator= alter the strength of transmission between neurones= affect amount of of transmitter produced and released
32
Q

5 classifications of neurotransmitter:

A
  1. acetylcholine (key in activating muscle)
  2. monoamines
  3. amino acid neurotransmitters
  4. peptide neurotransmitter (ie: endorphin and oxytocin)
  5. miscellaneous neurotransmitter
33
Q

5 different types of monoamines

A
  1. dopamine (pleasure and reward)= parkinsons/ schinzophrenia/ depression
  2. noradrenaline (increase heart rate and blood pressure)= depressiona and anxiety
  3. adrenaline
  4. histamine
  5. Serotonin (wellbeing and happiness= lack may lead to depression and anxiety)
34
Q

4 types of amino acid neurotransmitter

role of GABA in body

A
  1. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)= inhibitory
  2. glycine= inhibitory
  3. Glutamate= main excitatory
  4. aspartate= excitatory

-suppresses types of anxiety (lack leads to anxiety and epilepsy)

35
Q

2 types of post synaptic receptors

A
  1. ionotropic receptors= ion channels that open and close when chamical messenger binds (ie ligand gated ion channels)
  2. metabotropic= type of G-protein-coupled receptor (involve range of 2nd messenger signalling molecules)
36
Q

2 types of synapses

A
  1. chemical synapses= release of neurotransmitter by exocytosis after action potential arrives
  2. electrical synapses= direct physical connection between pre and post synaptic neurone= gap junction (allow current to flow)
37
Q

electrical synapses transmit signals…

A

faster than chemical synapses

it can be bidirectional (depending on which neurone recieves the action potential first)

enables synchronised activity of groups of cells

38
Q

structure of gap junction

A
  1. made up of 2 half channels (hemichannels)
  2. Join together to form entire channel (bridge the ectracellular space)
  3. each half channel is called= connexon (made up of 6 symmetrical integral membrane proteins units called connexins)
39
Q

proprioceptors are…

A

a sensory receptor which receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to position and movement.

40
Q

2 muscle proprioceptors

A
  1. muscle spindles= located in muscle and activated when muscle is passively stretched= reflex arc to contract muscle= prevent overstretching
    ie knee-jerk reflex
  2. golgi tendon organ= located in tendon and responds to excessive tension (when muscle contracts)= cause muscle to relax= prevent tendon tearing and muscle damage
41
Q

2 types of diseases that affect neural signalling

A
  1. demyelinating diseases= damage of myelin sheath
    = slow nerve impulses - lead to deficiency in sensation, movement, cognition
42
Q

primary and secondary causes of demyelinating diseases

A
  1. Primary= leukodystrophic diseases (abnoraml growth of white matter in brain)= myelin is abnormal and degenerates - genetic
  2. secondary= myelinoclastic= healthy myelin destroyed by a toxic infectious agent/ chemical/ autoimmune
43
Q

2 examples of demyelinating diseases

A
  1. multiple sclerosis (MS)= affects CNS, most common
    autoimmune= attach myelin sheath and oligodendrocytes= inflammatory response results in damage of axon and scarring
  2. gullian-barre syndrome= affects PNS
    autoimmune= attack myelin and schwann cells, triggered by viral or bacterial infection
44
Q

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis is a diseae characterised by…
evidence suggest its caused by…

A

progressive voluntary (striated) muscle weakness and paralysis
affects somatic motor neurones

excessive levels of neurotransmitter glutamate in synapse= overexcited motor neurones (glutamate toxicity)
build up= due to loss of glutamate transporters (EAAT2)

45
Q

2 types of drugs that affect neurotransmitter uptake

A
  1. Anti-depressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) SSRIS
    - prevent uptake of serotonin/ noradrenaline by pre neurone= more in synapse= more uptake by post neurone= promote happiness and wellbeing
  2. cocaine= bind to dopamine transporters= more dopamine stays in synapse (similar to ecstasy= blocks uptake of serotinin and dopamine)

IMS 1 (14 decks)

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